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Completed

NCT Number: NCT06898840

Establishing the Glycaemic Index of Fruit Drinks Using Different Measurement Methodologies

Glycaemic responses to carbohydrates ingested as fruit sugars may vary depending on factors inherent to the fruit and the type of sugar. The aim of this project is to investigate the glycaemic responses to a range of commercially available fruit drinks and to establish the glycaemic index for each product relative to a glucose reference. Differences in recorded responses could also be influenced by the sample type (capillary blood vs interstitial fluid) and participant characteristics. Participants will ingest 8 test drinks including 5 different fruit drinks (OJ, AJ, S&B, ENERGISE, BLUE), each matched for carbohydrate to the glucose reference (CONTROL) which will be sampled two times, an additional sample of one of the smoothies (S&B) will also be replicated. Fingerstick capillary blood sampling alongside dual sited continuous glucose monitors (CGM) will measure glucose and lactate concentrations, subjective appetite sensations will also be recorded. The tests will follow best practice guidelines for glycaemic index testing. These data will provide insight into how differing formulations can alter the glycaemic responses to fruit drinks, and whether sampling technique can affect the interpretations of measurement.

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Key information

Conditions

Glycaemic Index Glycaemic Response Measurements

Age range

18 year–65 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Department for Health, University of Bath

Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Age: 18-65 years
  • Body mass index 18-30 kg/m2

Exclusion criteria

  • diagnosis of any form of diabetes
  • intolerances or allergies to any of the study procedures (e.g. fructose/inulin intolerance)
  • Fructose malabsorption
  • Inborn errors of fructose metabolism (e.g. fructokinase deficiency, aldolase B deficiency, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency)
  • pregnant or lactating
  • any condition that could introduce bias to the study (e.g. diagnoses of lipid disorders, including cardiovascular disease, or therapies that alter lipid or glucose metabolism, such as statins or niacin).

Treatment and study plan

Fruit drink

Other

Commercially available fruit drinks or smoothies

Primary outcomes

  1. Glycaemic indices for 5 test drinks measured using capillary blood samples

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Glycaemic indices [2-hour incremental area under the glucose curve (mmol/L-1x120 minutes) for each of the 5 test drinks relative to mean value of control conditions (CONTROL, REPLICATE CONTROL), expressed as a percentage] in capillary blood samples

Secondary outcomes

  1. Glycaemic index of all conditions with capillary blood samples vs CGM

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    The difference in glycaemic index [2-hour incremental area under the glucose curve (mmol/L-1x120 minutes) for 5 test drinks relative to mean control (CONTROL, REPLICATE CONTROL), expressed as a percentage] in capillary blood samples versus continuous glucose monitors.

Other outcomes

  1. Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration in capillary samples

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of blood glucose concentration 2-hour incremental area under the curve (iAUC) min.mmol/L between test conditions

  2. Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration in capillary samples

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of postprandial peak concentration mmol/L of blood glucose between test conditions (Cmax)

  3. Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration in capillary samples

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of time to peak blood glucose concentration in minutes (Tmax) between test conditions

  4. Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration in capillary samples

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of blood glucose concentration mmol/L at 2 hours between test conditions

  5. Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration with CGM

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of glucose concentration 2-hour incremental area under the curve (iAUC) min.mmol/L between test conditions

  6. Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration with CGM

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of postprandial peak concentration mmol/L of glucose between test conditions (Cmax)

  7. Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration with CGM

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of time to peak glucose concentration in minutes (Tmax) between test conditions

  8. Comparisons between conditions in glucose concentration with CGM

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of glucose concentration mmol/L at 2 hours between test conditions

  9. Comparisons between conditions in lactate concentration in capillary samples

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of blood lactate concentration 2-hour incremental area under the curve (iAUC) min.mmol/L between test conditions

  10. Comparisons between conditions in lactate concentration in capillary samples

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of postprandial peak concentration mmol/L of blood lactate between test conditions (Cmax)

  11. Comparisons between conditions in lactate concentration in capillary samples

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of time to peak blood lactate concentration in minutes (Tmax) between test conditions

  12. Comparisons between conditions in lactate concentration in capillary samples

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of blood lactate concentration mmol/L at 2 hours between test conditions

  13. Comparisons between conditions of appetite ratings

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of subjective appetite sensations assessed with visual analogue scales (2-hour area under the curve min.mmVAS)

  14. Comparisons between individuals

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of Postprandial lactate concentration min.mmol/L between individuals 2-hour incremental area under curve (iAUC)

  15. Comparisons between individuals

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of Postprandial glucose concentration min.mmol/L between individuals 2-hour incremental area under curve (iAUC)

  16. Comparisons between individuals

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison of Appetite rating responses min.mmVAS between individuals 2-hour area under curve (AUC)

  17. Comparisons within individuals

    Time frame: 120 minutes

    Comparison within individuals of interstitial glucose concentrations measurements from continuous glucose monitors on left and right arms.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

University of Bath

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Study to Examine Glycaemic Responses to the Ingestion of Fruit Juices and Smoothies Using Different Measurement Methodologies.

Important dates

Study start
2025
Primary completion
2025
Study completion
2025
First posted
Mar 27, 2025
Registry last updated
May 11, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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