Longitudinal Evaluation of Neuromuscular Involvement in Type 1 Myotonic Dystrophy

Background and Rationale Assessment of functional capacities-particularly muscle strength-is essential for both diagnosis and follow-up of patients with neuromuscular diseases. In therapeutic trials, measurement tools must meet strict scientific requirements: accuracy, sensitivity, and reliability. Muscle strength is frequently used as a primary or secondary outcome in clinical trials. Even small functional improvements must be detectable to demonstrate therapeutic benefit.

Myotonic dystrophy is the most common adult muscular dystrophy (prevalence ~1/8,000). It is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder with two distinct forms: type 1 (DM1, Steinert disease) and type 2 (DM2), the latter being rarer. This study focuses on DM1 because of its higher prevalence and more severe clinical manifestations.

More than a century after its first description, DM1 remains highly complex. It shows extreme clinical variability in:

• Age of onset (from congenital or prenatal forms to late-onset after age 60),
• Severity (from asymptomatic to severe neonatal forms),
• Initial organ involvement (heart, central nervous system, skeletal muscle, eye, etc.).

Marked intrafamilial variability is also observed.

Muscular manifestations include:

• Myotonia, mainly affecting the hands, characterized by delayed muscle relaxation.
• Progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, predominantly affecting distal muscles of the limbs, face, and neck.

Despite advances in molecular understanding and preclinical therapies, validated, sensitive, and reproducible tools for longitudinal clinical assessment-especially muscle function-remain limited. Knowledge of the natural history of DM1 is incomplete, and few studies have used highly sensitive functional outcome measures.

Current Assessment Methods and Limitations

Muscle function is commonly evaluated using:

• Manual Muscle Testing (MMT, MRC scale),
• Quantitative Muscle Testing (QMT) with dynamometers,
• Timed functional scales. MMT is simple and widely used but suffers from low sensitivity and poor reproducibility. Large sample sizes are required to detect small changes. QMT provides numerical data suitable for statistical analysis but remains evaluator-dependent and insufficiently sensitive in DM1. Prior studies suggest muscle function declines by approximately 1-3% per year in DM1, highlighting the need for more sensitive tools, especially for trials with limited patient numbers.

New Measurement Devices and Study Purpose Highly sensitive ergometers (e.g., MyoGrip, Myo-Ankle) have been developed to assess very weak patients. These devices have been technically validated, with established normative data and standardized procedures.

This study aims to validate these tools in adult DM1 patients and to improve understanding of disease progression. It is part of an international research program supporting gene therapy development and validation of reliable, non-invasive clinical outcome measures.

Study Design

• Type: Monocentric, open-label, non-interventional study
• Duration: 3 years of follow-up (total study duration: 48 months)
• Participants:

• 30 genetically confirmed adult DM1 patients
• 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls
• Assessment points:

• Patients: baseline, 18 months, 36 months
• Controls: baseline only
• A parallel protocol is conducted in Québec (Canada). Study Objectives Primary Objective To determine the sensitivity to change of neuromuscular functional outcomes during the natural progression of DM1, in order to select the most relevant endpoints for therapeutic trials.

Secondary Objective To compare DM1 patients with healthy controls to assess the discriminative power of biomechanical and electrophysiological measures.

Outcome Measures

The study includes a comprehensive battery of assessments:

• Myotonia Quantification

• MyoTone Test: measures force relaxation times after voluntary contraction.
• Provides sensitive indicators such as half-relaxation time and relaxation slope.
• Ankle Strength Measurement

• Isometric dorsiflexion and plantarflexion using the Myo-Ankle ergometer.
• Complemented by manual dynamometry and MMT.
• Strength of Selected Muscle Groups

o Eight representative muscle groups measured with a handheld dynamometer (IMADA).

• Exercise-Induced Fatigability

• Standardized sustained contraction at 60% maximal force.
• Combined force measurements, nerve stimulation, and high-density surface EMG using Laplacian electrodes.
• Non-invasive and suitable for longitudinal follow-up.
• Moviplate Test

o Measures rapid alternating wrist and finger movements over 30 seconds.

• 6-Minute Walk Test

• Conducted according to international guidelines.
• Gait quality assessed with an accelerometer (Locometrix).
• Followed by a 30-second normal-speed walking test.
• Upper Limb Functional Tests

• Box and Blocks Test
• Purdue Pegboard Test
• 9-Hole Peg Test
• Balance Assessment

o Postural control measured on a force platform under four sensory conditions.

• Additional Data Collected

• Demographics, anthropometrics, body composition
• Clinical scales (MIRS)
• Quality of life (INQoL)
• Disability (Rotterdam Handicap Scale) Statistical Analysis

Data will be anonymized and analyzed using SPSS and Statview. Analyses include:

• Descriptive statistics,
• Sensitivity to change (Standardized Response Means),
• Repeated-measures ANOVA for longitudinal changes,
• Correlations with clinical and functional parameters,
• Joint analysis with the Canadian center, including center effects. Ethical and Regulatory Aspects
• Conducted according to French law, Good Clinical Practice, the Declaration of Helsinki, and data protection regulations.
• Approved by an ethics committee (CPP) and relevant authorities.
• Written informed consent required.
• No expected individual benefit and no financial compensation.
• Risks are minimal and limited to transient muscle discomfort.
• Data confidentiality strictly maintained.
• Documents archived for 15 years. Expected Impact

Although no direct benefit is expected for participants, this study aims to:

• Validate highly sensitive, reliable outcome measures,
• Improve knowledge of the natural progression of DM1,
• Facilitate future therapeutic trials, including gene therapy, in small patient populations.

Inclusion criteria

For patients:

• Diagnosed with myotonic dystrophy type 1 confirmed by genetic analysis
• Presenting with motor weakness (MIRS score of 3 or 4)
• Able to walk for ten minutes
• Able to be informed and provide informed consent
• Affiliated with a French social security scheme

For healthy subjects:

• Matched in age (± 1 year) and sex to patients
• Able to be informed and provide informed consent
• Affiliated with a French social security scheme

Exclusion criteria

• for patients and control subjects
• Participation in another ongoing biomedical research study
• Orthopaedic disorders of the ankle or hand
• Epilepsy
• Progressive cancer
• Insulin-dependent diabetes
• Uncontrolled heart disease, congestive heart failure, uncontrolled heart rhythm disorders (supraventricular or ventricular) or severe cardiac conduction disorders (AVB II or III or HV > 70 ms) without pacemaker (patients with pacemakers may be included) [echocardiography within one year prior to inclusion]
• Unstabilised and uncontrolled hypertension under treatment (or treated with Propranolol, Prazosin or Clonidine) or blood pressure greater than 160/90 mmHg in the supine position
• Dementia syndrome, major depressive disorder
• History of drug or alcohol abuse in the last six months
• Vital capacity < 50% or total lung capacity < 50%, daytime mechanical ventilation (EFR less than 2 years old)
• Hypercapnia (PaCO2 ≥ 8 Kpa or 60 mmHg) (blood gas less than 2 years old)
• Visual disorders incompatible with the performance of the tests (e.g. cataracts, etc.)
• Women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or not using effective contraception
• Patients treated with cyclosporine
• Any condition that, in the investigator's opinion, would be incompatible with the proper conduct of the study.