Treating Impulsivity in Adults With Probiotics

assessed by the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). The ADHD-RS is a 18-items scale self-report version for assessing symptoms for ADHD DSM-IV. It consists of a subscale of inattention (IN, 9-items), another of hyperactivity/impulsivity (H / I, 9-items) and the total (TOT, 18-items). The interviewees are asked about the frequency of the symptoms over the past 6 months. Each item is scored from 0 to 3 points, and the highest scores indicates more severe symptomatology of ADHD.

assessed by the self-rated multi-dimensional impulsivity (UPPS-P)

5-item questionnaire.

Change in weight in kilograms

Participants will be asked to complete at least three 24-h dietary recall (24HDR) per visit, including two week days and one weekend day (non-consecutive days).

Probabilistic Medication Adherence Scale (ProMAS); The total score ranges from 0-18 with a higher score indicating better adherence. Each item is scored as yes (1) or No (0).

Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST )

assessed by Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16). The total score ranges from 16-80 with a higher score indicating higher difficulties in emotion regulation. Each item is scored as Almost never (1), Somtimes (2), About half the time (3), Most of the time (4), Almost always (5).

assessed by Bristol Stool Scale;

There are seven types of stool in the Bristol Stool Scale:

• Type 1: Separate hard lumps, like nuts (difficult to pass and can be black)
• Type 2: Sausage-shaped, but lumpy
• Type 3: Like a sausage but with cracks on its surface (can be black)
• Type 4: Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft (average stool)
• Type 5: Soft blobs with clear cut edges
• Type 6: Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool (diarrhoea)
• Type 7: Watery, no solid pieces, entirely liquid (diarrhoea) Types 1 and 2 indicate constipation, with 3 and 4 being the ideal stools as they are easy to defecate while not containing excess liquid, 5 indicating lack of dietary fiber, and 6 and 7 indicate diarrhoea.

parameter measured with a movement sensor.The actigraphy records the duration of the activity. The activity report outcomes how long the participant move (days/hours/min).

parameter measured with a movement sensor. The actigraphy records the intensity of the activity. The report of activity outcomes the intensity of the movement classified in four categories from lowest intensity to highest intensity; these categories are:

• sedentary
• light
• moderate
• vigorous

assessed by Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (CPTII). Assessment duration: 14min.

Physicological parameter assessed:

• Detectability (d'): this is a measure of how well the respondent discriminates non-targets (i.e. the letter X) from targets (i.e. all the other letters). This variable is also a signal detection statistic that measures the difference between the signal (targets) and noise (non-targets) distributions. On the Conners CPT-II, d' is reverse scored so that higher raw score and T-score values indicate worse performance (i.e. poorer discrimination)

assessed by Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (CPTII). Assessment duration: 14min.

Physicological parameter assessed:

• Omissions (%): Omissions are missed targets. High omissions error rates indicate that the respondent was not responding to the target stimuli due to a specific reason (e.g. difficulty focusing). Omission errors are generally an indicator of inattentiveness.

assessed by Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (CPTII). Assessment duration: 14min.

Physicological parameter assessed:

• Commissions (%): Commissions are incorrect responses to non-targets. Depending on the respondent's HRT, high commission error rates may indicate either inattentiveness or impulsivity. If high commission error rates are coupled with slow reaction times, then the respondent was likely inattentive to the stimulus type being presented and thus responded to a high rate of non-targets. If high commission error rates are combined with fast reaction times, the respondent was likely rushing to respond and failed to control his or her impulses when responding to the non-targets. In the latter case, high commission error rates would reflect impulsivity rather than inattentiveness.

assessed by Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (CPTII). Assessment duration: 14min.

Physicological parameter assessed:

• Perseverations (%): Perseverations are responses that are made in less than 100 milliseconds following the presentation of a stimulus. Normal expectations of physiological ability to respond make it virtually impossible for a respondent to perceive and react to a stimulus so quickly. Perseverations are unusually either slow responses to a preceding stimulus, a random response, an anticipatory response, or a repeated response without consideration of the task requirements. Perseverations may be related to impulsivity or an extremely liberal response style. Perseverations are, therefore, likely the result of anticipatory, repetitive, or impulsive responding.

assessed by Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (CPTII). Assessment duration: 14min.

Physicological parameter assessed:

• Hit Reaction Time (HRT): HRT is the mean response speed, measured in milliseconds, for all non-perseverative responses made during the entire administration. An atypically slow HRT may indicate inattentiveness (especially when error rates are high), but it may also be the results of a very conservative response style. Alternatively, a very fast HRT, when combined with high commission error rates, may indicate impulsivity.

assessed by Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (CPTII). Assessment duration: 14min. .

Physicological parameter assessed:

• Hit Reaction Time Standard Deviation (HRT SD): HRT SD measures the consistency of response speed to targets for the entire administration. A high HRT SD indicates greater inconsistency in response speed. Response speed inconsistency is sometimes indicative of an inattentiveness, suggesting that the respondent was less engaged and processed stimuli less efficiently during some parts of the administration.

assessed by Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (CPTII). Assessment duration: 14min.

Physicological parameter assessed:

• Variability: Variability, like HRT SD, is a measure of response speed consistency, however, Variability is a "within respondent" measure (i.e. the amount of variability the respondent showed in 18 separate sub-blocks of the administration in relation to his or her overall HRT SD score). Although Variability is a different measure than HRT SD, the two measures typically produce comparable results and are both related to inattentiveness. High response speed variability indicates that the respondent's attention and processing efficiency varied throughout the administration.

assessed by Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)