the Role of Technology in Elderly Patients

Aims.

• To evaluate the role of video calls with families on mood, anxiety, fear of death and pain perception in patients hospitalized or in nursing homes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
• To evaluate the role of video calls in relieving family caregivers' anxiety and fear of death of their loved one.
• To evaluate the role of video calls in relieving health professionals' anxiety.

Methods. In order to reduce social isolation from their relatives and friends patients will be helped in joining them through video-calls thanks to the use of dedicated tablets and to the assistance provided by nurses, assistant-nurses, occupational therapists or neuropsychologists.

Population selection. All the patients in the participating centers fulfilling inclusion/exclusion criteria will be enrolled in SILVER.

Patients will be asked to chose between video and phone call, phone call will be allowed without any restriction to both video and usual care groups.

standardization of video calls: Two video-calls of maximum 15' will be administered every week; in addition, patients will be allowed to do video-call upon request. Video-calls will be performed using Skype or WhatsApp video or Face-time, the use of others app will be evaluated upon family's request.

Data collection for primary and secondary outcomes. Patients will be evaluated at baseline and every week with standardized scales to assess their mood, anxiety and delirium symptoms.

At baseline and at the end of the intervention we will evaluate the overall appreciation of the video call by the patients, their family caregiver, and the health professionals using a Likert scale and Anxiety: using the Geriatric Anxiety Scale (GAS).

In order to clarify the role of social connection through video calls on the patients' health, we will evaluate at baseline and after one week :

• Mood: using the 5-items Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-5)
• Fear of death (self and others): using the Collett-Lester scale
• Delirium risk: using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) will be evaluated every day and will be analyzed ad day of delirium weekly.

In addition, the effect of video calls in professionals and in family caregivers will be evaluated as follows:

family and professional caregivers will be evaluated for anxiety at baseline and the end of intervention set-up by the Clinical anxiety (CAS). Familiar care-givers will also be evaluated with the fear of death scale (sub-scale fear of death of others) at the baseline and after one week.

Collection of other data.

In order to correct the statistical analyses for possible confounding variables the following data will be collected:

Age, gender, years of school, duration of hospitalization , type of hospital discharge, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) index, Activity of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL).

Inclusion criteria

• patients of 65 years and older hospitalized in the participating unit during the absence of visits due to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic.
• Patients and families willing to participate.

Exclusion criteria

• patients or families who refuse to participate.
• Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) equal or higher than two.