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NCT Number: NCT07541300

The Effects of Palm Olein and Palm Kernel Oil Diets on Gut Hormones and Appetite in Healthy Adults

The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate the postprandial effect of palm olein- and palm kernel oil- diets compared to PUFA-rich diet (sunflower oil in this study) on gut hormones response and appetite in healthy adults. The main questions it aims to answer are:

• Do palm olein- and palm kernel oil-diets postulate to improve satiety and lower appetite compared to PUFA rich diet (sunflower oil) in healthy adults? Researchers will compare diets prepared with palm olain or palm kernel oil to a diet prepared with sunflower oil to see the effects of these three diets on gut hormones and satiety score.

Participants will:

* Attend a health screening session for subjects selection according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. * Visit the study center three times with 2 weeks apart. * Provide blood samples and fill up questionnaires at different time point within 4 hours. * Receive a ad libitum meal after 4 hours intervention.

Active, Not Recruiting

This study is active but is not currently recruiting participants.

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Key information

Conditions

Healthy Adult

Age range

20 year–45 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Malaysian Palm Oil Board

Kajang, Selangor, 43300, Malaysia

About this study

Please refer to the protocol uploaded.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Age 20 to 45 years.
  • BMI 20 to 27.5 kg/m2.
  • Blood pressure with 90 to 130 mmHg for systolic and 60 to 80 mmHg for diastolic measurements.
  • Fasting blood glucose of 3.9 to 5.5 mmol/L.
  • Fasting total cholesterol < 6.0 mmol/L.
  • Fasting triglycerides < 2.3 mmol/L.
  • Not using any form of nicotine and alcohol.

Exclusion criteria

  • Diagnosed any form of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome with or without medication.
  • Consuming any long term prescribed medications or supplements, including hormonal contraceptive pills.
  • Having moderate anaemia with haemoglobin <110 g/l for men and <100 g/l for women.
  • Having blood clotting problem
  • Having difficulty in cannulation (small, thin or hard-to-find veins)
  • Women who are pregnant or lactating.

Treatment and study plan

Palm olein

Other

high-fat muffin prepared with 50g palm olein

Palm kernel oil

Other

high-fat muffin prepared with 50g palm kernel oil

Sunflower Oil

Other

high-fat muffin prepared with 50g sunflower oil

Primary outcomes

  1. Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)

    Time frame: postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours

    GIP analysed using ELISA kits using plasma sample.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)

    Time frame: Postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours

    GLP-1 is analysed with ELISA kit using plasma.

  2. Peptide YY (PYY)

    Time frame: Postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours

    PYY is analysed with ELISA kit using plasma sample.

  3. Ghrelin

    Time frame: Postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours

    Ghreli is analysed using ELISA kits using plasma sample.

  4. HOMA IR

    Time frame: Postprandial from baseline (0 min) up to 2 hours.

    HOMA IR will be calculated using glucose, insulin and c-peptide levels measured.

  5. Cholecytokinin, CCK

    Time frame: Postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours.

    CCK is analysed with ELISA kit using plasma.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Malaysia Palm Oil Board

Other Gov

Collaborators

  • IMU University, Malaysia

Registry information

Important dates

Study start
2026
Primary completion
2026
Study completion
2026
First posted
Apr 21, 2026
Registry last updated
Apr 21, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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