The Beijing Longitudinal Disability Survey in Community Elderly

Disability is assessed using the 12-item World Health Organization's Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). The WHODAS 2.0 is a patient-reported disability measure, comprising six life domains involving cognition, mobility, self-care, interpersonal relationships, life activities, and participation. The total score of 12-item WHODAS 2.0 categorizes disability from no disability (score 0) to complete disability (score 48).

Disability is assessed using the basic activities of daily living (BADL) scale, the Katz Index scale. The minimum value is 0 , and the maximum value is 6. The higher the score, the better the outcome.

Disability is assessed using the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale, the Lawton and Brody IADL scale. The minimum value is 0, and the maximum value is 8. The higher the score, the better the outcome.

The cognitive impairment is assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The minimum value is 0, and the maximum value is 30. The higher the score, the better the outcome.

The cognitive impairment is assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA-B). The minimum value is 0, and the maximum value is 30. The higher the score, the better the outcome.

Subjective cognitive decline is assessed by the subjective cognitive decline questionnaire-9 items (SCD9). The minimum value of SCD9 is 0, and the maximum value is 9, the higher the score, the worse the outcome.

Intrinsic capacity is the composite of physical and mental abilities that an individual can draw upon. It comprises locomotor, sensory (hearing and vision), vitality, psychological, and cognition domains. The intrinsic capacity composite score is used to assess intrinsic capacity. The intrinsic capacity composite score ranges from 0 to 100, and the higher the score, the better the outcome.

Intrinsic capacity is assessed by the integrated care for older people (ICOPE) scale. The minimum value of the ICOPE score is 0, and the maximum value is 5, the higher the score, the better the outcome.

Frailty is assessed using the Fried frailty phenotype (FFP) scale. The minimum value is 0, and the maximum value is 5. The higher the score, the worse the outcome.

Hospitalized times, duration, diagnosis, surgery, bedridden status, assisted ventilation treatment, catheter treatment are collected by questionnaire and supplemented through a review of electronic medical records.

The date and cause of death are collected from the participant's family members/healthcare providers and supplemented through a review of electronic medical records.

Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) is estimated using a physical measurement formula. Weight in kilograms, height in centimeters, gender(male or female), and age in years are combined to report ASM through the formula: ASM = 0.193*weight(kg) + 0.107*height(cm) - 4.157 * gender - 0.037*age(year) - 2.631. The higher the value, the better the outcome.

Muscle strength is assessed by the grip strength. The higher the value, the better the outcome.

Physical performance is assessed by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) test. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 12. The higher the score, the better the outcome.

Sarcopenia is screened by the SARC-F scale. The minimum value is 0, and the maximum value is 10. The higher the score, the worse the outcome.

Sarcopenia is assessed based on the criteria recommended by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 consensus, including muscle strength, plus appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), and/or physical performance. AWGS 2019 contends that diagnosing sarcopenia requires both low muscle strength and muscle mass, and defines persons with low muscle mass, low muscle strength, and low physical performance as having "severe sarcopenia."