Exploring and Evaluating the Impact of 'Refresh and Reconnect!'

Quality of life (QoL) will be assessed using the Control, Autonomy, Self-Realization, and Pleasure-11-SG (CASP-11-SG) scale. CASP-11-SG has been validated in Singapore. It has 11 items covering two domains: Control-Autonomy, and Self-realization-Pleasure (Table 1). Items are scored on a four-point response scale [Often (score = 3), Sometimes, Not Often, Never (score = 0)] based on how often the participant feels the way described in the item. Negatively worded items are reverse-coded. A higher total score (range: 0-33) indicates higher QoL. Control-Autonomy subscale (range: 0-18) and Self-realization-Pleasure subscale (range: 0-15) scores are also calculated.

Health-related Quality of life (HRQoL) will be assessed using the EuroQol- 5 Dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire. The EQ-5D comprises five questions on mobility, self-care, pain, usual activities, and psychological status with five possible answers for each item (1=no problem, 2=slight problem, 3=moderate problem, 4=severe problem, 5=unable to do). Overall, a total score of 5 indicates the best health state, whereas higher scores indicate more severe or frequent problems. In addition, there is a visual analogue of the scale to indicate general health status, with a score of 100 indicating the best health status.

Depression will be assessed using the CES-D-11 (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale - 11 item version). It is a self-reported rating scale of 11 items on a 3-point Likert scale (range 0-2), with response options for "None/Rarely" (0), "Sometimes" (1), and "Often" (2) based on experiences over the past week. The total score is the sum of the 11 items, ranging from 0 to 22. Reverse Scoring: Positively worded items (e.g., "I felt happy," "I enjoyed life") are reverse scored before summing the total score. For these items, the scoring is: Often (0), Sometimes (1), None/Rarely (2).

Scores of ≥9 indicate significant depressive symptoms, 5-8 suggest borderline depressive symptoms, and 0-4 fall within the normal range.

Anxiety will be assessed using the GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7) Scale. It is a self-reported rating scale consisting of 7 items on a 4-point Likert scale (range 0-3), with response options for "Not at all" (0), "Several days" (1), "More than half the days" (2), and "Nearly every day" (3), based on experiences over the past two weeks. The total score is the sum of the 7 items, ranging from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate greater anxiety severity.

Interpretation: Scores of 0-4 indicate minimal anxiety, 5-9 mild anxiety, 10-14 moderate anxiety, and 15-21 severe anxiety. A total score of ≥10 is typically used as the threshold for identifying probable generalized anxiety disorder.

Loneliness will be assessed using The Three-Item Loneliness Scale. Each item of the scale has a five-point Likert response option: "Always" (scored as 4) "Fairly Often" (3), "Occasionally" (2), "Rarely" (1), and "Never" (scored as 0). The scores for each individual question can be added together to give a possible range of scores from 0 to 12. Higher scores indicate greater degrees of loneliness.

Lubbens Social Network Scale 6-item (LSNS-6) is a social engagement scale that consists of six items. The score for each item ranges from 0 to 5, with 0 indicating none and 5 indicating nine or more. The total score is calculated by finding the sum of all items, and ranges from 0 to 30. A higher score indicates more social engagement.

The Brief Ageing Perceptions Questionnaire (Brief-APQ) measure comprise Likert scale items that represent seven ageing perception domains. Participants rate their agreement with a series of statements - for example "I am always aware of my age" or "As I get older I can take part in fewer activities" with a five-point response scale with the options: Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neither Agree nor Disagree, Agree, Strongly Agree.

Motivations to learn will be assessed using the Readiness-to-learn Scale from the background questionnaire of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). This scale assesses participants' motivations to learn, and the learning strategies they adopt to solve challenges in learning. The response categories for this item range from not at all (1), to a very high extent (5).

Cognitive performance will be assessed using the Montreal Cognitive assessment (MoCA). MoCA assessment parameters are visuospatial/ executive, naming ability, vigilance, verbal fluency, delayed recall, and abstractions. The maximum MoCA score is 30 points. MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment) is indicated by a score of less than 27 for those with 10 or more years of education or a score of less than 26 for those with less than 10 years of education (following the recommendation of MoCA use in Singapore).

Museum-based subjective well-being will be assessed by University College London (UCL) Museum Wellbeing Measures toolkit. The toolkit includes a 12-item Generic Wellbeing Questionnaire (GWQ) and Positive Wellbeing Measures Umbrella, designed specifically for museum projects. The GWQ uses statements that refer to an emotion or life quality that participants might have experienced during the museum activity, such as 'I felt confident'. These are rated from 1 ('None of the time') to 5 ('All of the time'). The Positive Wellbeing Umbrella consist of a hexagonal shape with six sections of different colours. Each of the six sections has a word next to it related to a wellbeing mood or emotion and responses are ranged from one (I don't feel) to five (I feel extremely). Participants are required to rate the extent they feel the wellbeing word at that moment in time by circling the appropriate number.