Remotely Controlled Intervention for Developmental Reading and Spelling Disorders Through the Tachidino Platform

The system for the improvement of reading and writing skills ("Tachidino" software) is based on two principles of proven effectiveness:

• The selective stimulation of a cerebral hemisphere and specific reading strategies. Taking up some of the principles already set out in the Balance Model of Dyslexia, the aim is to retrace the different stages of reading acquisition by focusing on those stages and processes which have proved more problematic or less efficiently activated. Such stages may require greater involvement of the right hemisphere, carrying out an accurate visual analysis of the material to be read, or of the left hemisphere, anticipating the words to be read by exploiting linguistic skills (knowledge of words, relationships between meanings, relationships between sounds, grammatical agreement and syntactic rules, etc.);
• the training of selective visuospatial attention, as well as the perception of rapid movement and the analysis of the visual characteristics of words. A further mechanism involved in the training is the so-called visual crowding, an automatic effect of our perceptual system producing a sort of "blurring" of the visual areas surrounding the object to be analyzed, to make its vision clearer. A malfunction of this mechanism and an insufficient ability to concentrate visual attention in a restricted area of the visual field, or to move it quickly and precisely from one point to another would be among the causes of reading disorders, as suggested by the Magnocellular theory of dyslexia.

Studies carried out by researchers at IRCCS Medea have shown excellent results for the two types of treatment (Hemisphere-specific stimulation according to the Balance Model, and Visual-attentional training with Action Video- Games or Wii games, but above all they showed how these effects are strongly enhanced by the association in a single intervention.

Clinical and assessment procedures

In the Tachidino program, the child (sitting in fron of the computer screen) is required to recognize the target candy (a spiral candy) among various candies (distractors) and press the space bar at the exact moment the target candy is crossing a circle target (fixation point). The word to be decoded/encoded is presented, visually or auditory, only if the child clicks at the right moment, thus ensuring that fixation was in correspondence with the fixation point in the center of the visual field. If the bar is pressed in the target timeframe and in correspondence of the target candy, the word to be decoded/encoded is immediately presented and the child is asked to either write the word on the keyboard or re-order a sequence containing all the correct graphemes in random order.

All visual stimuli are presented at tachistoscopic speed to a visual hemifield in order to stimulate the contralateral hemisphere to a greater degree, or they may also be flashed in the center of the computer screen, involving both hemispheres simultaneously.

The visual hemisphere-specific stimulation is based on a revisit of Bakker's 'Balance model'. Each child was classified as a P-, L-, or M-type dyslexic reader based on the persistent over-reliance on specific reading strategies as shown by reading and spelling errors, and on reading speed.

As per current clinical practice, intervention in "e-health" mode is divided into one or more rehabilitation modules through the use of the Tachidino platform, with systematic monitoring and motivational reinforcement by professionals with experience in e-health approaches. In order to be included in the training, the child must have already obtained a diagnosis of dyslexia, according to the current diagnostic standards.

The structure of the intervention modules, as currently implemented, is as follows:

• 1 initial meeting to get to know the child, pre-test assessment - reading and writing tests of words, non-words and sentences, metaphonological tests (phonemic elision and synthesis) and text reading tests (reading accuracy and speed) in order to define dyslexia subtypes; intervention planning - demonstration of Tachidino use and programming of first activities
• telephone support to monitor and motivate correct use of the software, during active intervention
• 1 final assessment meeting (with repetition of the tests used at pre-test and compilation of satisfaction questionnaires).
• 1 follow-up meeting 6 months after discharge with repetition of reading tests (this meeting is relevant in order to assess stabilization of obtained improvements)

Participants' characteristics: Children aged between 7 and 14 years with a diagnosis of Specific Reading Disorder or Specific Spelling Disorder, not treated before.

The improvements obtained in one month treatment will be compared with those obtained with outpatient intervention programmes of the same duration and intensity, combining treatment based on the two component parts: Visual Hemisphere-Specific Stimulation (V-HSS) and Visual-Attentional Training with Action Video Games.

Inclusion criteria

• A formal diagnosis of Developmental Dyslexia, Specific Reading Disorders, Specific Spelling Disorders or Mixed Learning Disorders
• Age between 7 and 16
• Attending at least the third class of primary school
• Monolingual speakers of Italian or bilingual speakers with perfect mastery of the Italian language (equivalent to monolinguals)
• Intelligence Quotient (IQ) >= 80
• At least one z-score below -2 Standard Deviations from age mean in at least one of the following tests: text reading, word reading, nonword reading, word writing to dictation, nonword writing to dictation ("DDE-2" battery, "MT" tests)
• Not having received any specific rehabilitation treatment for dyslexia before

Exclusion criteria

• Intellectual disability
• Neurological disorders
• Sensory deficits that are not /cannot be corrected-to-normal by lenses or hearing aids.