Rehabilitation of Upper Limbs After Stroke

It consists of 33 items assessing motor function and reflexes. The patient can score a maximum of 66 points, where each item on the scale is rated as: 0=unable, 1=partially able, or 2=fully able to perform the movement

It consists of 33 items assessing motor function and reflexes. The patient can score a maximum of 66 points, where each item on the scale is rated as: 0=unable, 1=partially able, or 2=fully able to perform the movement

It consists of 33 items assessing motor function and reflexes. The patient can score a maximum of 66 points, where each item on the scale is rated as: 0=unable, 1=partially able, or 2=fully able to perform the movement

measurements to be performed with a dynamometer The dynamometer registers strength lower than up to 90 kg

measurements to be performed with a dynamometer The dynamometer registers strength lower than up to 90 kg

measurements to be performed with a dynamometer The dynamometer registers strength lower than up to 90 kg

measurements to be performed with a pinch meter. The pinch meter registers strength lower than up to 22 kg

measurements to be performed with a pinch meter. The pinch meter registers strength lower than up to 22 kg

measurements to be performed with a pinch meter. The pinch meter registers strength lower than up to 22 kg

Activities of daily living were assessed using Barthel Index. The subjects could score the maximum of 100 points.

A maximum of 100 points can be obtained on the Barthel scale. There are three assessment ranges: getting from 0 to 20 points. means total dependence, from 20 to 80 points. means that to some extent the patient needs help from others, and the assessment in the border is 80 to 100 points. means that with a little help the patient can function alone.

0-20 points patient's condition "light" 21-85 points - "medium-heavy" patient condition 86-100 points - patient condition "very heavy"

Activities of daily living were assessed using Barthel Index. The subjects could score the maximum of 100 points.

A maximum of 100 points can be obtained on the Barthel scale. There are three assessment ranges: getting from 0 to 20 points. means total dependence, from 20 to 80 points. means that to some extent the patient needs help from others, and the assessment in the border is 80 to 100 points. means that with a little help the patient can function alone.

0-20 points patient's condition "light" 21-85 points - "medium-heavy" patient condition 86-100 points - patient condition "very heavy"

Activities of daily living were assessed using Barthel Index. The subjects could score the maximum of 100 points.

A maximum of 100 points can be obtained on the Barthel scale. There are three assessment ranges: getting from 0 to 20 points. means total dependence, from 20 to 80 points. means that to some extent the patient needs help from others, and the assessment in the border is 80 to 100 points. means that with a little help the patient can function alone.

0-20 points patient's condition "light" 21-85 points - "medium-heavy" patient condition 86-100 points - patient condition "very heavy"

The test uses a wooden box, divided into two equal parts by a partition, as well as 150 blocks. The subject moves as many blocks as possible from one part of the box to the other during 60 seconds.

The test uses a wooden box, divided into two equal parts by a partition, as well as 150 blocks. The subject moves as many blocks as possible from one part of the box to the other during 60 seconds.

The test uses a wooden box, divided into two equal parts by a partition, as well as 150 blocks. The subject moves as many blocks as possible from one part of the box to the other during 60 seconds.

Thumb Localizing Test (TLT). (A) positioning of the paretic UE by the examiner. (B) four spaces in which the paretic UE is placed. Distal spaces are not far from the trunk because the reaching limb should be able to reach them without difficulty. (C) rating of positive results

Thumb Localizing Test (TLT). (A) positioning of the paretic UE by the examiner. (B) four spaces in which the paretic UE is placed. Distal spaces are not far from the trunk because the reaching limb should be able to reach them without difficulty. (C) rating of positive results

Thumb Localizing Test (TLT). (A) positioning of the paretic UE by the examiner. (B) four spaces in which the paretic UE is placed. Distal spaces are not far from the trunk because the reaching limb should be able to reach them without difficulty. (C) rating of positive results

Assessments were performed with eyes closed. Proprioception of the elbow joint was assessed in the 60° elbow flexion position using a plastic Jamar goniometer. The initial fixed axis of the goniometer was set at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and the mobile axis was set parallel to the radius, in accordance with the methodology of the study of joint position sensation in the elbow

Assessments were performed with eyes closed. Proprioception of the elbow joint was assessed in the 60° elbow flexion position using a plastic Jamar goniometer. The initial fixed axis of the goniometer was set at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and the mobile axis was set parallel to the radius, in accordance with the methodology of the study of joint position sensation in the elbow

Assessments were performed with eyes closed. Proprioception of the elbow joint was assessed in the 60° elbow flexion position using a plastic Jamar goniometer. The initial fixed axis of the goniometer was set at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and the mobile axis was set parallel to the radius, in accordance with the methodology of the study of joint position sensation in the elbow

The scale consists of 7 tasks (pass/fail grading); the patient is awarded 1 point for each activity performed successfully, or 0 points for a failure to perform. The maximum score of seven points may be achieved for the performance of the tasks. Higher score corresponds to better manual skills. The scale measures the proximal control of the upper limb and the manual skills.

The scale consists of 7 tasks (pass/fail grading); the patient is awarded 1 point for each activity performed successfully, or 0 points for a failure to perform. The maximum score of seven points may be achieved for the performance of the tasks. Higher score corresponds to better manual skills. The scale measures the proximal control of the upper limb and the manual skills.

The scale consists of 7 tasks (pass/fail grading); the patient is awarded 1 point for each activity performed successfully, or 0 points for a failure to perform. The maximum score of seven points may be achieved for the performance of the tasks. Higher score corresponds to better manual skills. The scale measures the proximal control of the upper limb and the manual skills.

Increased muscle tone (spasticity) was examined with modified Ashworth scale. This is a six-point scale modified to include grade 1.

0: No increase in muscle tone

Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or by minimal resistance at the end of the range of motion when the affected part(s) is moved in flexion or extension 1+: Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch, followed by minimal resistance throughout the remainder (less than half) of the ROM More marked increase in muscle tone through most of the ROM, but affected part(s) easily moved Considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult Affected part(s) rigid in flexion or extension

Assessment of disability using the modified Rankin scale (MRS)

Score Description 0 - No symptoms at all

1- No significant disability despite symptoms; able to carry out all usual duties and activities 2 - Slight disability; unable to carry out all previous activities, but able to look after own affairs without assistance 3 - Moderate disability; requiring some help, but able to walk without assistance 4 - Moderately severe disability; unable to walk without assistance and unable to attend to own bodily needs without assistance 5 - Severe disability; bedridden, incontinent and requiring constant nursing care and attention 6 - Dead TOTAL

Motor performance (function) of extremities was assessed using Brunnström scale. This is a six-point scale designed to assess performance (function) of paretic extremities

WHO BMI classification for adults:

< 18.5 - Underweight (including: <16.0 starvation, 16.0-16.9 emaciation, 17.0-18.4 underweight) 18.5-24.9 - Normal body weight 25.0-29.9 - Overweight 30.0-34.9 - Class I obesity 35.0-39.9 - Class II obesity (clinical obesity)

≥ 40.0 - Class III obesity (extreme obesity)