GLOW: Gender-Affirming Care and Mental Health: A Longitudinal Study On Quality of Life, Work Life, and Healthcare Outcomes

The GLOW study is a longitudinal investigation designed to evaluate the effects of gender-affirming care on the well-being of individuals diagnosed with gender dysphoria in Sweden. Grounded in an interdisciplinary framework, the study adopts a mixed-methods approach to integrate quantitative registry data and longitudinal self-assessments with in-depth qualitative interviews. This design allows for anunderstanding of the medical, psychological, and social dimensions of gender-affirming care beyond the limitations of cross-sectional studies.The project is embedded in Region Skåne's National Highly Specialized Care (NHV) unit, ensuring standardized data collection and uniform clinical procedures across participants. Thus, the study benefits from a stable clinical infrastructure and reliable access to a diverse cohort undergoing gender-affirming assessment and treatment. In addition, national health and population registries provide extensive data for long-term follow-up, including health service utilization, prescription records, socio-economic indicators, and mortality data.GLOW is commited to a collaborative research practice. The project actively involves key stakeholders-healthcare professionals, policymakers, and patient advocacy groups such as Transammans and RFSL. Their input ensures that the study remains aligned with real-world clinical needs and community priorities, enhancing its relevance.The study is conceptually anchored in the Biopsychosocial Model and draws on Minority Stress Theory, Self-Concept Clarity Theory, and Gender Affirmation Theory. These frameworks support the exploration of how social stressors, identity development, and access to affirming care interact to shape mental health trajectories. This theoretical integration provides a solid foundation for interpreting variability in treatment response and quality-of-life outcomes.Statistical modeling will be employed to complement traditional analyses, offering probabilistic interpretations and greater flexibility in handling complex longitudinal data structures. Qualitative interviews will be analyzed using thematic methods, with findings triangulated against quantitative trends to increase the validity and depth of insights.While many existing studies on gender-affirming care focus on short-term or medical outcomes, GLOW takes a broader and longer-term perspective. It includes economic implications, healthcare resource use, work life outcomes, and subjective experiences of identity and social integration. This holistic approach will generate knowledge applicable to clinical care, policy formulation, and public health planning.Finally, the project emphasizes sustainability. Infrastructure and data collection protocols have been designed to support extended follow-up. In doing so, GLOW aims to contribute not only to scientific literature but also to the development of evidence-based guidelines and inclusive healthcare systems.

Research Questions Taken together, understanding the trajectories of gender dysphoria is crucial. Such research can help determine which individuals benefit most from gender-affirming care and who might dropout during the process or experience dissatisfaction post-transition. Adapting current services to meet individual needs is essential. The current project will employ both quantitative and qualitative methods integrated into the clinical practice at the Gender Dysphoria Clinic, Region Skåne a National Highly Specialized Care unit (NHV), along with information from relevant databases and registries to achieve this goal.

• What are the baseline characteristics in individuals seeking gender-affirming care and do any of these predict outcomes of gender-affirmative care?
• Do individuals with gender dysphoria experience improved or reduced quality of life, gender congruence, or functional capacity after gender-affirming care?
• Does gender-affirming care reduce or increase psychiatric symptoms and self-concept clarity?
• What are the effects of gender-affirming care on mortality, work capacity, and healthcare resource utilization as compared to an age and gender-controlled comparison group?

Inclusion criteria

• All adults (18+) referred to the NHV clinic for gender dysphoria assessment in Region Skåne.

Exclusion criteria

• Inability to read/write Swedish
• Protected identity status