Evaluation of an Expectancy Challenge Intervention for Food and Alcohol Disturbance Among College Students

Food and alcohol disturbance (FAD) is the use of any compensatory behavior (e.g., caloric restriction) within the context of a drinking episode for the purpose of 1) compensating for alcohol-related calories and/or 2) enhancing the effects of alcohol. FAD occurs at alarmingly high rates among undergraduates and is associated with a myriad of deleterious consequences. Expectancy effects (i.e., beliefs regarding the anticipated outcomes of a behavior) have been shown to influence the initiation and maintenance of alcohol and disordered eating behaviors. Prior work suggests that expectancies for these behaviors can be modified via expectancy challenges (i.e., ECs; interventions that aim to undermine expectancies by providing learning opportunities that demonstrate the discrepancy between the actual versus perceived effects of a behavior). An EC has never been applied to FAD. However, given that FAD is comprised of both alcohol and disordered eating behaviors, and preliminary work suggests that FAD expectancies share some similarities with alcohol and restriction expectancies, it is likely that an EC could be similarly applied to FAD. Thus, the purpose of the proposed project is to develop an effective and acceptable EC designed to modify FAD expectancies and reduce FAD among undergraduates, informed by the alcohol EC literature.

Participants will be randomized to a 120-minute in-person non-experiential (i.e., no alcohol administration) EC designed to undermine FAD expectancies (experimental group) or a control group. To make existing expectancies salient, the EC will include audio recordings of reported FAD expectancies from students who engaged in FAD in my preliminary qualitative work (Berry & Looby, 2024). Participants will then engage in discussions to evaluate whether these effects are pharmacological or perceived. The intervention will also provide psychoeducation on expectancies, FAD, alcohol, and the effects of compensatory behaviors on weight, which will prompt participants to reevaluate their extant expectancies. This will be followed by a reflective writing exercise to allow participants to further elaborate on any changes to their challenged expectancies. FAD expectancies will be assessed at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and one-month follow-up. FAD frequency will be assessed at baseline and follow-up. Additionally, participants in the experimental group will provide feedback on the intervention's acceptability and feasibility post-intervention.

Inclusion criteria

• Must be between the ages of 18 and 25
• Must report engaging in FAD at least two times over the past month

Exclusion criteria

• They have a current or past history of receiving psychological treatment for their alcohol use and/or eating behaviors
• They are currently trying to reduce their drinking