Effectiveness of High-Energy Density Enteral Nutrition for Enhancing Physical Growth and Cognitive Brain Development in Infants With Congenital Heart Disease

WAZ is calculated according to the Chinese child growth curve and cut-offs .It is a statistical index used to assess the nutritional status of children. The physical examination will be conducted by a nurse, and the data will be recorded to one decimal place.

WAZ is calculated according to the Chinese child growth curve and cut-offs .It is a statistical index used to assess the nutritional status of children. The physical examination will be conducted by a nurse, and the data will be recorded to one decimal place.

The Griffiths mental development scales (GMDs) will be used to repeatedly measure the indicators .The Griffiths scales typically yield a Developmental Quotient (DQ) with an average range of 85-115. The higher the scores, the more advanced development relative to age norms in assessed domains (e.g., motor, language, or cognition).

Primarily defined by elevation in fecal calprotectin and Inflammatory cytokines level.The reference range for calprotectin is 0-5 μg/g，inflammatory cytokines is ≤20pg/ml.Exceeding this range will be considered as abnormal gastrointestinal mucosal barrier function.

Albumin is a rich protein in the blood, which mainly reflects the nutritional status.The reference range for albumin is 39-54g/L.If it is not within this range, it will be judged as abnormal.

Blood lipid test is to measure the content of lipids in blood.Blood lipids include total cholesterol(0-5.18mmol/L) and triglycerides(0-1.7mmol/L).If it exceeds the range, it will be considered as abnormal.

Calculate the caloric intake for enteral feeding according to the Schofeld formula recommended by the European Society for Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC)

Based on the child's weight and the fluid balance in the previous 24 hours, the total fluid intake for the day is calculated. After subtracting the amount of intravenous drug solution, the amount of enteral nutrition formula is obtained. According to the child's gastrointestinal function, the principle of gradual progress is adopted to rationally allocate the single feeding volume and feeding frequency.

Incidence of malabsorption (as defined by any of the following criteria): abnormal fecal lactose content; abnormal fecal fat content.The diagnosis will be confirmed by fecal examination.

Any of the following condition: 1. Frequent vomiting (≥ 3 times/d); 2.Abdominal distension; 3. Milk volume did not increase or decreased>3 d; 4. Gastric retention (retention>1/3 of the previous feeding); 5. Unplanned discontinuation of feeding ≥ 2 times; 6. Diarrhea (stool frequency>6 times/d)

NEC diagnosed in stage II and III will be recorded.

Mechanical ventilation time (days), postoperative CCU hospitalization duration (days), total hospitalization duration (days), hospitalization costs (Yuan), and the incidence of poor wound healing will be recorded.