Prenatal Maternal Mental Health and Neurodevelopment in Congenital Heart Disease

This study is a non-interventional, prospective, and longitudinal study of prenatal maternal mental health and subsequent child's neurodevelopmental and behavioural outcomes in congenital heart disease. It includes a follow-up period from the 3rd trimester of pregnancy until the child's first year of life (between 12 and 18 months). It will include children with a prenatally diagnosed critical heart defect (i.e., cyanotic types of CHD with the potential to cause rapid hypoxemia after birth) requiring neonatal open-heart surgery (within the first weeks of life).

Expecting mothers who agree to participate will undergo comprehensive psychological evaluations conducted by a licensed mental health professional with defined expertise in perinatal mental health. Fathers or co-parent of the child with foetal CHD will also participate in self-reports during the prenatal period. A total of three time points of psychological assessment will be done: Time 1, during the prenatal period, after 28 weeks of gestation); Time 2, an interim self-report assessment using only questionnaires before post-surgery hospital discharge for the baby (after intensive care transfer to hospitalization); and Time 3, 1 year after the birth of their child. Maternal assessments will include standardized self-report measures of stress, anxiety, depression and other psychological symptoms as well as a clinical interview for Time 1 and 2. Co-parent assessment at Time 1 will include self-reports of overall mental health, anxiety and coping skills.

Infant neurodevelopmental and behavioural assessments will be conducted at year 1 (between 12-18 months for the child) during a joint visit of the dyad mother-child. All assessments will be standardized and have French norms and instructions for parents and the child. These assessments will evaluate areas such as cognition, emerging language, and motor skills (gross and fine motor abilities). Socio-behavioural outcomes will also be evaluated at this time. All infant developmental assessments will be administered by paediatric neuropsychologists.

Inclusion criteria

for the mother of a child diagnosed with CHD:

• Age at least 18 years old
• Expecting women
• Having received a diagnosis of foetal critical cyanotic CHD (i.e., CHD physiology that can compromise blood oxygenation after birth). This type of CHDs corresponds to the highest level of neurological risk as reported by the American Heart Association guidelines(1).
• Pregnancy of at least 28 weeks of gestation (third trimester) and up to the 38 weeks of gestation at the time of enrolment and prenatal visit for the study.
• Medical maternal and paediatric cardiology follow-up in one of the investigating hospitals (Montpellier, Necker Children's Hospital in Paris and Bordeaux).
• A delay of a minimum of 4 weeks between the initial diagnosis of foetal congenital heart disease.
• Social security affiliation in France.

Inclusion criteria

for the father or co-parent:

• Co-parent of an expecting woman participating in the study
• Age at least 18 years old
• Social security affiliation in France.

Inclusion criteria

for the child diagnosed with congenital heart disease:

• Child with a prenatal diagnosis of isolated complex congenital heart disease, born to a mother already participating in the study
• Written consent from both parents
• Social security affiliation in France.

Non-inclusion Criteria for mothers:

• Patient refusal to participate
• Participants (i.e., expecting women) who express a wish for medical termination of pregnancy
• Diagnosis of a complex CHD associated with another foetal comorbidity with a clinically recognized impact on neurodevelopment (e.g., genetic syndromes such as trisomies, poly-malformation syndromes).
• Participants who are not able to understand the instructions and/or complete the self-reports
• Expecting women who currently have a major psychiatric condition (e.g., untreated major depression, severe anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders) with or without treatment, at the time of the cardiology consultation or at the time of the first psychological evaluation. Patients who will be excluded due to these conditions will be referred for perinatal psychiatric consultation.
• Persons under legal or judicial guardianship.

Non-inclusion Criteria for fathers or co-parents:

• Patient refusal to participate
• Participants with a severe psychiatric disorder (severe depression, psychotic disorders) with or without treatment
• Persons under legal or judicial guardianship.

Exclusion criteria

for the mother of a child diagnosed with CHD:

• The child has not undergone surgery within 60 days of birth.

Exclusion criteria

for children with CHD:

• Genetic anomalies, brain malformations that may render difficult the neurodevelopmental assessment.