Comparative Effects of Dexmedetomidine and Ketofol for Sedation in Patients Undergoing Trans-esophageal Echocardiography

Sample size was estimated based on previous studies with sedation in equally invasive procedures that in 2 groups difference in time to achieve Ramsay sedation scale was 0.8min.(In group dexmedetomidine 12.4 & group ketofol 13.2 with S.D of 0.8). The sample size came out to be 22 subjects per group at a power of 90 % & confidence interval of 95 %. For possible dropouts, it was decided to include 10% extra subjects so finally it was decided to include 25 subjects per group. (Total sample size 50 subjects)

Normality of quantitative data will be checked by measures of Kolmogorov Smirnov tests of normality. If data is normally distributed Student t-test will be applied for comparison of 2 groups. Mann-Whitney U-test will be used for statistical analysis of skewed continuous variables or ordered categorical data. Proportions will be compared using Chi square or Fisher's exact test whichever is applicable. Wilcoxon Signed rank test will be used for skewed data or for scores (time related variables). . For comparison (time related variables) of Hemodynamics Repeated Measure ANOVA will be applied. All statistical tests will be two-sided and will be performed at a significance level of α=0.05. Analysis will be conducted using SPSS for Windows

Inclusion criteria

• Patients with Atrial septal defect/Valvular Heart disease (MS/MR/AS/AR)

Exclusion criteria

• Atrial fibrillation with fast ventricular rate
• Congestive cardiac failure
• BMI > 30
• Perforated viscus/active GI bleed
• Esophageal stricture/tumor/laceration
• H/o radiation to neck & mediastinum
• H/o GI surgery or H/o dysphagia
• Restriction of neck mobility
• Active esophagitis/peptic ulcer disease
• Symptomatic bradycardia
• Seizure disorder
• Coagulopathy/thrombocytopenia