Application of Anterior Quadratus Lumborum Block at the Lateral Supra-arcuate Ligament Under Laparoscopic Direct Vision in Laparoscopic Renal Surgery

The patients were 1:1 randomly assigned into groups by a clinical researcher not involved in the clinical procedures or data collection. The random numbers were generated by R studio 4.1.0 (R studio, Boston, MA, USA) software in a 1:1 ratio, with a block size of 8 for each group. The generated random numbers were sealed in opaque envelopes with sequential numbers. On the day of surgery, the envelope was opened by the protocol executor according to the recruitment order before the induction of general anesthesia.Data collection is in the charge of special personnel, and Case Report Form shall be filled in timely after data collection. At the same time, the electronic database was edited by Excel, and the electronic database was entered timely after filling in the paper Case Report form.

Inclusion criteria

• Age: 18 to 80 years old;
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification: I to III;
• Undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy (including robotic-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy and partial nephrectomy).

Exclusion criteria

• Recent use of anticoagulant medications or abnormal coagulation function;
• Local infection at the puncture site or the presence of tumors, severe deformities, or systemic infection;
• Severe renal failure (serum creatinine > 442 μmol/L or requiring renal replacement therapy) or liver dysfunction (Child-Pugh Class C);
• Known allergy to local anesthetics or a family history of local anesthetic allergy;
• Preoperative cognitive impairment or inability to assess pain;
• Alcoholism, drug abuse, chronic opioid dependence, or the use of analgesics or psychotropic medications for more than 3 months;
• History of central and/or peripheral nervous system disorders or myasthenia gravis;
• Planned admission to the ICU;
• Surgical cancellation or patient refusal, etc.