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Completed

NCT Number: NCT07180667

Warm-Up Effects on Adolescent Goalkeepers' Performance

The purpose of this study is to examine the acute effects of different warm-up protocols on performance outcomes in adolescent male football goalkeepers. Specifically, it investigates the impact of aerobic running, static stretching, dynamic stretching, and movement preparation on flexibility, explosive power, and dynamic balance.

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Key information

Conditions

Healhty Adolescent Football Warm-up

Age range

14 year–15 year

Sex eligibility

Male

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Uşak University

Uşak, 64200, Turkey (Türkiye)

About this study

This randomized crossover study examined the acute effects of four 15-minute warm-up protocols-Aerobic Running (AR), Static Stretching (SS), Dynamic Stretching (DS), and Movement Preparation (MP)-on flexibility, explosive lower-limb power, and dynamic balance in 15 adolescent male football goalkeepers. Participants were licensed youth goalkeepers with consistent sleep, diet, and training routines. Warm-up order was randomized and both participants and administrators were blinded to the condition. Flexibility, power, and balance were assessed using the sit-and-reach test, standing long jump, and Y Balance Test, respectively, with the best of three trials recorded. Heart rate was monitored to maintain internal load at 60-75% of age-predicted maximum. All sessions were supervised by a certified sports scientist, and anthropometric data were collected prior to testing. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Biologically male football goalkeepers
  • Aged 14-15 years
  • Actively competing in youth leagues
  • Minimum training experience of approximately 3-4 years
  • Free from chronic diseases or musculoskeletal injuries that could affect physical performance
  • Maintain regular sleep and dietary routines during the study period

Exclusion criteria

  • Current injuries
  • Chronic health conditions
  • Any physical limitations that could interfere with safe participation in warm-up protocols or performance testing

Treatment and study plan

Intervention 1: Aerobic Running (AR) Warm-Up

Behavioral

15-minute aerobic running protocol. Heart rate maintained at 60-75% of age-predicted maximum (HRₘₐₓ). Includes 7 minutes light jogging followed by slight intensity increase.

Intervention 2: Static Stretching (SS) Warm-Up

Behavioral

5 minutes light jogging followed by static stretches of six lower-limb muscles (gastrocnemius, quadriceps, hamstrings, hip flexors, adductors, gluteals). Each muscle stretched twice for 30 seconds, finishing with 3-4 minutes of light dynamic movements.

Intervention 3: Dynamic Stretching (DS) Warm-Up

Behavioral

5 minutes light jogging followed by dynamic stretches targeting the same six muscle groups over 10-15 meters with brief rest between repetitions.

Intervention 4: Movement Preparation (MP) Warm-Up

Behavioral

Description: Combination of light jogging, multi-joint mobility drills (e.g., lateral shuffles, inchworms), submaximal sprinting (80-90% max velocity), and low-intensity balance drills adapted from FIFA 11+ and HarmoKnee.

Primary outcomes

  1. Flexibility (Sit and Reach)

    Time frame: Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours).

    Flexibility of the posterior chain was assessed using the sit-and-reach test with a standardized measurement box. Participants performed three trials barefoot with knees fully extended, and the best score was recorded in centimeters.

  2. Explosive Lower-Limb Power (Standing Long Jump)

    Time frame: Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours).

    Explosive horizontal power was measured by the standing long jump test. From a standing position, participants jumped bilaterally as far as possible. The distance was measured to the nearest cm from the starting line to the rearmost heel. Three maximal trials were performed with 2 minutes rest, and the best score was used.

  3. Dynamic Balance (Y Balance Test normalized composite score)

    Time frame: Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours).

    Dynamic postural control was assessed using the Y Balance Test. Reach distances in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions were normalized to leg length. A composite score (mean of three directions) was calculated and used for analysis.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Anthropometric Parameters (Height, Weight, BMI)

    Time frame: Baseline (Day 1, prior to the first warm-up intervention session)

    Body height (cm), body weight (kg), and BMI (kg/m²) measured with stadiometer and electronic scale prior to warm-up interventions.

  2. Internal Load (Heart Rate Monitoring)

    Time frame: During each warm-up session (15 minutes, across AR, SS, DS, MP protocols)

    Heart rate continuously monitored with Polar RS300X. Intensity calibrated to maintain 60-75% of age-predicted HRmax, calculated individually using Tanaka formula [208 - (0.7 × age)].

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Uşak University

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Acute Effects of Different Warm-Up Protocols on Motor Performance in Adolescent Football Goalkeepers: A Randomised Crossover Study

Important dates

Study start
2024
Primary completion
2024
Study completion
2024
First posted
Sep 18, 2025
Registry last updated
Sep 18, 2025

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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