Visual Tools and Preoperative Anxiety in Orthognathic Surgery

This was a single-center, randomized, parallel-group study assessing the effect of different counseling tools on preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing elective bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. All participants received standardized verbal preoperative information delivered in a consistent setting. Group A received verbal information only; Group B received verbal information supplemented with an animation video; and Group C received verbal information supplemented with a 3-D anatomical skull model demonstration. Information sessions were standardized and lasted approximately 10 minutes. Anxiety was measured using the STAI (state and trait components) and a VAS at two predefined time points: baseline (before the information session) and approximately one hour before surgery. The main comparisons were changes in anxiety scores between groups to evaluate whether visual tools reduced preoperative anxiety beyond standard counseling. Data collection of anxiety assessments was performed by blinded personnel, and ethical approval and written informed consent were obtained.

Inclusion criteria

• Adults (≥18 years).
• Scheduled to undergo elective bimaxillary orthognathic surgery under general anesthesia.
• Able to understand the study procedures and complete the anxiety questionnaires.
• Provided written informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

• Current diagnosis of a major psychiatric disorder or use of anxiolytic/antidepressant medication that could affect anxiety assessment.
• Cognitive impairment or inability to complete the questionnaires.
• Emergency surgery.
• Refusal to participate or withdrawal of consent.
• Any condition judged by the investigator to interfere with participation or outcome assessment.