Virtual Diabetes Care for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes on Medicaid and Insulin Therapy

Electronic health record extracted lab test drawn at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months

Home monitoring glucometer at baseline and diabetes app report containing blood glucose readings at home for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. It is calculated from the number of BG that met the target divided by the total number of BG tested.

Blood glucose reading obtained from patient's home monitoring glucometer at baseline and diabetes app report containing blood glucose readings at home for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. It is calculated from the number of BG that met the target divided by the total number of BG tested.

This scale assesses the knowledge of individuals regarding diabetes management and self-care. 0 is minimal and 23 is maximal. Higher is better outcome reflecting high knowledge.

The DES-28 has been validated and is considered a reliable tool for assessing the psychosocial aspects of diabetes management, making it useful for various educational and psychosocial interventions related to diabetes. 28 is minimal, 140 is max. Higher is better outcome, reflecting greater empowerment and self-efficacy in managing diabetes.

It help healthcare providers identifies the social needs of their patients, which can inform interventions and resource allocation. 0 is minimal, 10 is max. Higher score is greater number of identified health-related social needs, which may suggest worse outcomes in terms of social determinants of health.

The Brief Coping Inventory is a 28-item measure that assesses 14 distinct coping strategies, with two items representing each strategy. It provides insight into how individuals manage challenges related to diabetes and general life stressors. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 ("not at all") to 4 ("a lot").

Scores for each coping strategy range from 2 to 8, with higher scores indicating greater use of that specific coping style. The total score for the full inventory ranges from 28 to 112, with higher overall scores reflecting a greater reliance on coping strategies across domains.

Measures emotional distress related to managing diabetes, with scores for each item ranging from 1 ("not a problem") to 6 ("a very serious problem"). It is a valuable tool for identifying patients who may need additional support in managing the emotional burdens associated with diabetes. 17 is minimal, 102 is max. Higher scores indicate greater diabetes-related distress, which is generally considered worse for overall well-being and diabetes management. Scores are typically categorized as little/no distress, moderate distress, or high distress to guide interventions.

It is a reliable and valid tool for evaluating diabetes self-management behaviors and is useful in both research and clinical settings. 0 is minimal indicating no self-care activities performed, 11 is max indicating all self-care activities performed. Higher score indicate Measure consists of 11 items that assess various aspects of diabetes self-management.

The number of blood glucose readings obtained from patient's home monitoring glucometer at baseline and the number of blood glucose readings listed in the diabetes app report at home for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months.

This test assesses diabetes-related numeracy skills that are essential for effective self-management of diabetes, such as interpreting blood glucose readings and calculating carbohydrate intake. 0-15, 0 is minimal with no correct answer, 15 is max. Higher is better outcome reflecting higher numeracy.