Vestibular Infant Screening - Rehabilitation

The child stands barefoot with feet together as still as possible for 30 seconds. There are eight test conditions: eyes open or closed, with or without foam, and eyes open or closed while on a foam, nodding the head in yaw or pitch at 0.33 Hz. The test will be conducted on a force platform, a Wii Balance Board (Nintendo Co., Ltd.), using the Colorado University BrainBLoX software. The total test time (s), anteroposterior and mediolateral sway (mm), centre of pressure path length (cm), sway velocity (m/s), and 95% confidence ellipse area (cm2 ) are measured by a custom-made code in MATLAB (The MathWorks, Inc. Natick, Massachusetts, United States).

The setup of the test is similar to that of the Static Visual Acuity (SVA) test, the only difference being that the patient's head will be passively moved by the examiner in the horizontal plane at a 2Hz-frequency over an amplitude of 15° from centre. The difference between the SVA and the DVA score will be included as output measure.

Subjects sitting 3 m away from a 1m x 1m square with a cone in the centre, will be asked on the 'go' command to get up from the chair, walk to the square, navigate around the cone, come back to the chair and have a seat. Before the test, the procedure will be explained and demonstrated. Three trials will be conducted and the best time (recorded with stopwatch) will be used for analysis. Outcome parameters include the total test duration (s), number of steps, walking speed (m/s) and mean step length (cm).

Subjects will be asked to complete 8 tasks, including walking on a flat surface, adjusting speed, and walking with horizontal and vertical head movements. It also evaluated walking over and around obstacles, turning while walking, and stepping on stairs. Each task is scored on a 3-point scale, with 3 indicating normal performance and 0 indicating severe impairment. The total score will serve as the outcome parameter.

The children will be instructed to sit on a chair and fixate an attractive visual target (i.e. movie on a tablet) at 1.50 m distance. Meanwhile the examiner will perform unpredictable head movements (10° - 20° amplitude) in, respectively, the horizontal, LARP (to stimulate the left anterior and right posterior canal), and RALP plane (to stimulate the right anterior and left posterior canal). Prior to interpretation of the results, the data will be thoroughly cleaned according to the following criteria: (1) head velocity between 120°/s (vertical) or 150°/s (horizontal) and 250°/s (upper limit for vertical and horizontal), and (2) head bounce below 25 % of the peak head velocity. The measured gain (of the VOR) (%), the symmetry between the left and right side (%), and the presence of covert/overt saccades (n, and % of the performed HITs) will be taken as outcome measures of this test.

Each subtest yields an independent score, covering areas such as fine motor precision, fine motor integration, manual dexterity, upper-limb coordination, bilateral coordination, balance, running speed and agility, and strength. These individual scores contribute to composite scores for fine manual skills, manual coordination, body coordination, strength and agility, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, and overall motor performance, offering a comprehensive assessment of motor abilities.

. It is a 23-item inventory, applicable for (parents of) children from 2 to 18 year. It consists of four subdomains: (i) physical functioning (eight items), (ii) emotional functioning (five items), (iii) social functioning (five items), and (iv) school functioning (five items). Items are scored through a 5-point rating scale.

Subjects will be instructed to stand on one leg as long as possible. After explanation and demonstration of the procedure, children will be granted one attempt (for 10 seconds) to get familiar with the exercise. SLS will be carried out both with eyes open and with eyes closed and three trials will be conducted. The test will be conducted on a force platform, a Wii Balance Board (Nintendo Co., Ltd.), using the Colorado University BrainBloX software. The total test time (s), anteroposterior and mediolateral sway (mm), centre of pressure path length (cm), sway velocity (m/s) and 95% confidence ellipse area (cm2).

After explanation and demonstration of the test, children will be granted one attempt to get familiar with the exercise. Children will be instructed to reach as far forward and sideward as possible with their hand(s) and without moving the feet. Three trials will be conducted in each condition. The furthest reaching point subtracted by the reaching distance in neutral, symmetrical posture will be included for analysis (cm).

fHIT measurements will be conducted using the DVAstar Head Sensor (DIFRA Instrumentation, Eupen, Belgium) and accompanying software 'DiSoft II'. Participants will be seated 3 meters away from a visual target, and those who wear glasses or contact lenses will be encouraged to use them during the examination. The child must identify the orientation of the optotype (the letter 'C') that briefly appears on a computer screen for 80 milliseconds during unpredictable passive head movements (10 - 20° amplitude) in, respectively, the horizontal, LARP (to stimulate the left anterior and right posterior canal), and RALP plane (to stimulate the right anterior and left posterior canal). In each trial, the optotype is randomly rotated by 0°, 90°, 180°, or 270°. The size of the optotype corresponds to the SVA plus 0.6 LogMAR. The outcome parameter includes the percentage of correctly identified optotypes.