Vaping and Smoking Project in People With Schizophrenia

anger subscale score

anger subscale scores

anxiety subscale scores

anxiety subscale scores

sadness subscale scores

sadness subscale scores

difficulty concentrating subscale scores

difficulty concentrating subscale scores

sleep subscale scores

sleep subscale scores

appetite subscale scores

appetite subscale scores

single-item indicators of withdrawal facets

single-item indicators of withdrawal facets

single-item indicators of withdrawal facets

single-item indicators of withdrawal facets

negative affect subscale score

positive affect subscale score

positive affect subscale score

negative affect subscale score

Total score

Total score

total craving score

total craving score

total craving score

total craving score

7-item scale, with coverage of perceived impairment and interference with daily functioning

7-item scale, with coverage of perceived impairment and interference with daily functioning

3-item scale

3-item scale

11-item self-report scale total of behavioral indicators (supplemental evaluation of observer ratings)

11-item self-report scale total of behavioral indicators (supplemental evaluation of observer ratings)

Sustained attention, or vigilance, is the ability to maintain alertness to detect infrequent target stimuli during a long, monotonous task (e.g., Mackworth, 1948). We will use a version of the identical-pairs continuous performance task (Cornblatt et al., 1988) in which participants attend to a series of 800 4-digit numbers on a computer monitor (100-ms stimulus duration; 1500-ms ISI). Participants are asked to press the keyboard space bar only when the stimulus is identical to the immediately preceding stimulus (10% targets; Cooper et al., 2020; Rhodes & Hawk, 2016). Percent correct hits (target detections) is the primary outcome.

The n-back task (Strand et al., 2012; Rhodes & Hawk, 2016) requires indicating whether each stimulus in a rapidly presented series matches the location of the stimulus presented n stimuli before (n=0,1,2). Stimuli are small grey circles (100 ms; 30% targets). The focus here is on conditions that place marked demands on the "central executive" by requiring ongoing mental manipulation (i.e., n=2; see Baddeley, 2003). Brief practice with a 1- back will be followed by 2 100-trial blocks of the 2- back. Accuracy is the primary outcome.

We will employ the stop-signal paradigm (Logan et al., 1984), which provides a relatively pure index response inhibition (e.g., Nigg, 2001). In our typical task (e.g., Hawk et al., 2018; Rhodes & Hawk, 2016), participants button press to indicate whether the "go" signal (<-- or -->) is pointing left or right. After a brief "go" practice, the stop signal (100-ms tone) is introduced, and participants complete 3 64-trail bocks during with they are asked to respond as quickly as possible but to not respond on stop signal trials (25% of trials). The stop signal occurs after go signal onset and adjusts dynamically across trials to yield

~50% inhibition (Logan et al., 1997). The primary outcome is stop signal reaction time (SSRT), an estimate of the speed of inhibition.

The SDR is a brief delayed-response spatial working memory task in which the participant is presented with a series of 3 screens on each trial. Screen 1 presents a dot (target stimulus) presented for at 1 of 16 locations on the computer screen. Screen 2 presents a "distractor task" that entails a sham attention task, appearing for variable 5 or 30 second delay. The distractor task involves a series of shapes presented on the screen and participants are asked to click the spacebar on the keyboard when they see a diamond, until the delay is finished. Screen 3 prompts the subject to identify the location of the target stimulus presented on Screen 1 using the mouse. Participants are prompted to respond as fast as possible, the task does not progress until the location response is recorded. Note that because the SDR was previously not sensitive to nicotine abstinence in non-psychiatric controls (Sacco, et al., 2005), we will only assess SDR changes

Fat, protein, and carbohydrate calories consumed

intensity of demand

intensity of demand

persistence of demand

persistence of demand

intensity of demand

intensity of demand

persistence of demand

persistence of demand

positive syndrome subscale

negative syndrome subscale

general syndrome subscale

Subjective/sensory effects of smoking expectancies will be assessed with widely used smoking measures (the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire, the short form of the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire, and the Smoking Abstinence Questionnaire) and adaptations and extensions of these measures for vaping.

Subjective/sensory effects of vaping expectancies will be assessed with widely used smoking measures (the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire, the short form of the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire, and the Smoking Abstinence Questionnaire) and adaptations and extensions of these measures for vaping.

Assesses a range of somatic symptoms (e.g., headaches, fatigue)

Assesses a range of somatic symptoms (e.g., headaches, fatigue)

Heart rate, in beats per minute

Heart rate, in beats per minute

Heart rate, in beats per minute

Heart rate, in beats per minute

Heart rate, in beats per minute

Heart rate, in beats per minute

assay cotinine from urine sample collected at the start of each visit in order to assess the degree of compliance with the abstinence manipulation

biochemical measure related to past 24-hour smoking