Usefulness of Intraosseous Anesthesia for Permanent Tooth Extraction Under GA in Pediatric Dental Treatment

To investigate whether the administration of intra-osseous local anesthesia (Quicksleeper 5) to children during general anesthesia prior to the extraction of a first permanent molar has an effect on the immediate and delayed postoperative delirium, anxiety and pain in the child.

Intra-osseous anesthesia consists of 3 major steps:

• Limited superficial anesthesia of the mucosa at the level of the tooth to be treated/extracted
• Perforation of the bone by means of a rotating needle movement
• Injection of the local anesthetic directly into the bone The operator (AG) will administer the intra-osseous anesthesia just before the tooth(s) are extracted. The extractions will always be performed at the end of the dental treatment.

A permanent molar must be removed from the child and this will be done under general anesthesia. Previous scientific studies have shown that when the dentist also administers local anesthesia during general anesthesia for tooth removal, children suffer from side effects of the local anesthesia. These side effects include numbness and lip or cheek biting. This can make them extra agitated when waking up from general anesthesia.

This intra-osseous anesthesia technique only anesthetizes the tooth. As a result, the child should not experience the above-mentioned side effects or to a lesser extent. In this study,The investigators want to investigate this effect. The advantage of this technique is that the child is expected to need little or no painkillers after the operation compared to the current procedure.

On the day of the procedure, upon arrival at the hospital, three short questionnaires will be administered regarding anxiety and pain. One questionnaire is observational, for the other two he investigators ask a little cooperation from the patient. This concerns the FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability), VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) and CFSS-DS (Children's Fear Survey Schedule - Dental Scale).

If the patient is randomly assigned to the group that will receive local anaesthetic, this will be administered intra-osseously with the Quicksleeper 5 just before the tooth(s) is/are removed. The local anaesthetic that will be used is articaine 4% with epinephrine 1/100,000, this is a standard local anaesthetic in dentistry, the good and efficient effect of which has long been demonstrated.

Group 1 will receive local anaesthesia intra-osseously and group 2 will not. There is no further distinction between the groups.

The time at which the local anaesthetic is administered and the time at which the procedure is over will be noted.

After the procedure, the same questionnaires will be administered at set times as before the procedure. The patient does not have to stay in the hospital longer than normal for these questionnaires. The FLACC will be administered after 10/30/60/120 min, the VAS when the patient is able to speak and after 120 min, the CFSS-DS after 120 min and the delirium flowchart is an observational measurement that will be performed 5 min after spontaneously opening the eyes. The day after the procedure, the parents/guardian will be asked to answer one more questionnaire of approximately 20 questions via a QR code received.

Inclusion criteria

• - Children between 6 and 12 years old, belonging to the category of ASA I or II according to the 'American Society of Anaesthesiologists'
• Children who are cooperative enough for pre- and post-operative measurements
• Children who are not allergic to components of local anaesthesia
• Children who need at least one extraction of a FPM
• Children without a hematological condition
• Children who haven't taken painkillers 48 hours before the procedure
• Patients who need a treatment under general anaesthesia (nasal intubation) due to polycaries/fear/anxiety.
• Able to obtain a written consent from the parent/guardian after explaining the full details of the treatment procedure and its possible outcomes

Exclusion criteria

• - Treatment with a laryngeal mask
• If a traumatic extraction is needed, this patient is excluded from the study
• Children who do not meet the inclusion criteria
• Deviation in the pain relief protocol
• Parents/child don't speak Dutch
• Patients with missing data during the procedure/follow-up