Use of Virtual Reality in Children Undergoing Surgery

The pulmonary function test was measured using a portable spirometer. According to American Torasic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) criteria, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second to FVC (FEV1/FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), and forced mid-expiratory flow rate (FEF 25-75%) were measured. The test was performed in the sitting position. The best of at least three technically acceptable manoeuvres with 95% agreement with each other was selected for statistical analysis.

Respiratory muscle strength was evaluated using an intraoral pressure measuring device. Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), inspiratory muscle strength, maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), and expiratory muscle strength were evaluated. MIP was measured using the intraoral pressure measurement method by performing rapid and deep inspiration in the residual volume after maximal expiration. MEP was recorded by performing rapid and deep expiration at total lung capacity after maximum inspiration. Children were verbally encouraged to record the best performance

Dyspnea evaluation was performed via the Modified Borg Scale (MBS). The scale, which was developed to measure the effort expended during physical exercise, consists of 10 items describing the severity of dyspnea according to its degree. According to the scale, it shows that the severity of dyspnea increases from 0 to 10

The 1-min step (1-ST) test was performed. In the 1-ST, children were instructed to step reciprocally up and down a 6-in-high step for 1 min, and the number of steps taken was recorded.

Participants were evaluated using the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). The TUG is a clinical test that measures various components, including walking speed, postural control, functional mobility, and balance. The child was asked to get up from a chair without armrests, return to a sign 3 m away, and sit down. The duration was recorded in seconds

The Numerical Pain Scale was used for pain assessment. The numerical pain scale assesses numerical values between 0 and 10 points

The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia was used to assess kinesiophobia. The scale consists of 17 questions questioning the person's fear of movement and is calculated on a total score between 17 and 68. A high score on the scale indicates a high level of kinesiophobia

Height was measured and recorded in meters. Body weight was measured and recorded in kilograms. BMI was calculated by dividing body weight by height squared.

In the 10 MWT, children walked at a normal walking speed within a 10-m section of a 14-m walking distance to prevent the effect of acceleration and deceleration phases of walking, and the time was recorded in seconds