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NCT Number: NCT04422847

Use of Computer Aided Design and 3D Printing for Anesthesiology Management in a Pediatric Patient With Cleft Facial Defect

Congenital malformations of the orofacial area are the most common congenital malformations in children with an incidence of 1.8 children with orofacial cleft per 1000 healthy births in the Czech Republic. The care of children with cleft facial defects is multidisciplinary, centralized and takes place from birth to adulthood. At the University Hospital Brno, the treatment for patients with orofacial cleft is provided by the Cleft Center (CC) of the University Hospital Brno. The main specialties that form the basis of CC include plastic surgery, pediatric anesthesiology and neonatology. Patients with facial cleft defects are divided into 2 main groups based on the embryological causes of clefts: 1/ patients with cleft lip, jaw with or without cleft palate (total cleft) and 2/ patients with isolated cleft soft and hard palate. Anesthesia in children with orofacial clefts is specific not only to the age of the patients, but mainly to the cleft itself. Anesthesiology management, and especially intubation of these patients, are often difficult due to the nature of the defect with high incidence of complications such as difficult airway, desaturation, laryngospasm or bradycardia. In addition, tissue damage including soft tissue of the lip, alveolar arch, palate and nasal septum as well as skeleton of the premaxilla and nasal septum during intubation is seen in approximately 90% of patients. To facilitate intubation, improve anesthesiology management and safety of pediatric patients with orofacial cleft, we will develop an individualized protective tray from a silicone material, that will be used during intubation to cover the defect of the alveolar arch and palate. A mold for casting of a protective tray, will be created on a 3D printer on bases of 3D scan. Use of the protective tray would facilitate intubation, decrease anesthesiologic complications and protect soft and hard tissues of the cleft palate and upper jaw during intubation.

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Key information

Conditions

Cleft Lip and Palate Cleft Lip Congenital Abnormalities Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities Lip Diseases Mouth Abnormalities Mouth Diseases Stomatognathic Diseases Stomatognathic System Abnormalities

Age range

Up to 2 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

About this study

After approval by the Ethics Committee of the Brno University Hospital and registration at clinicaltrials.gov, the study will include patients meeting inclusive criteria for whom primary surgery for a cleft facial defect will be indicated.

Patients will be divided into two groups based on the type of surgery. Group 1 will include patients with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and alveolus (U/BCLA) or unilateral or bilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate (total cleft; U/BCLAP) who underwent primary lip reconstruction within 0-3 months of age. Group 2 will include patients with isolated cleft palate (ICP) and patients with U/BCLAP who underwent primary cleft reconstruction between 6 and 18 months of age.

Patients in the pediatric plastic surgery clinic of the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Orthopedics and Traumatology will be randomized with a 1:1 allocation based on the day of operation to the intervention group (3D protective obturator) and the control group (standard procedure without the 3D obturator). Patients enrolled in the intervention group will have an intraoral scan of the palate, alveolar arch, and upper vestibular area before surgery. Based on this 3D visualization of precise anatomical conditions in the oral cavity, a form (negative unique impression of the upper jaw and palato-alveolar conditions) for casting of a protective obturator (splint), used during intubation to cover the defect of the alveolar arch and palate will be created on a 3D printer, in cooperation with the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (Department of Mechanics of Bodies, Mechatronics and Biomechanics) of Brno University of Technology. For the production of the obturator, a silicone certified for use in the oral cavity will be used.

The main objective of the research will be to find out how the use of a protective obturator (splint) will improve the protection of tissues at the cleft site and whether intubation will be facilitated in pediatric patients with orofacial clefts with congenital atypical anatomical conditions in the oral cavity.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: No

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Pediatric patients with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and alveolus (U/BCLA) or unilateral or bilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate (total cleft; U/BCLAP) who underwent primary lip reconstruction within 0-3 months of age (most often at our workplace in the neonatal period)
  • Pediatric patients with isolated cleft palate (ICP) and patients with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate (U/BCLAP) who underwent primary cleft reconstruction between 6 and 18 months of age.

Exclusion criteria

  • unilateral or bilateral cleft lip without cleft alveolus
  • patients with genetically confirmed syndrome disability
  • orofacial cleft patients with associated congenital malformations that may affect the course of anesthesia (atresia of the choanae)
  • patients with atypical clefts of the face
  • patients with CLA, CLAP, ICP who underwent primary cleft lip reconstruction later than at 3 months of age
  • patients with CLAP and ICP who underwent primary cleft reconstruction later than at 18 months of age
  • patients with submucous cleft palate
  • patients with airways secured preoperatively
  • patients on artificial lung ventilation
  • patients with coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia/thrombocytopathy
  • patients at risk of malignant hyperthermia
  • patients for whom the consent of legal representatives to the research project has not been obtained

Treatment and study plan

3D obturator

Device

Based on this 3D visualization of precise anatomical conditions in the oral cavity, a form (negative unique impression of the upper jaw and palato-alveolar conditions) for casting of a protective obturator (splint), used during intubation to cover the defect of the alveolar arch and palate will be created on a 3D printer

Other names: 3D printer obturator

Primary outcomes

  1. Degree of oral tissue injury during intubation

    Time frame: Intraoperatively (after successful intubation)

    specifically presence of petechiae, bleeding or soft tissue swelling after intubation in the entire cleft defect area, possibly premaxilla fracture in total cleft patients as a result of manipulation of the laryngoscope in the oral cavity

Secondary outcomes

  1. Cormack-Lehane score

    Time frame: Intraoperatively (during intubation)

    evaluation of the laryngoscopic image during intubation evaluated by the Cormack-Lehane score with or without the use of the protective tray. Cormack-Lehane scale range from 1 (ideal view - vocal cords) to 4 (the worst view of aditus laryngis, only the soft palate visible). For proper archiving of the intubation process, a photodocumentation of the laryngoscopic image during intubation will be taken for each patient using a video laryngoscope.

Other outcomes

  1. Number of intubations attempts

    Time frame: Intraoperatively

    The number of intubation attempts to secure the airways (first successful intubation = first wave of end-tidal CO2) with and without the use of the protective tray will be evaluated

  2. Incidence of associated complications

    Time frame: Intraoperatively

    The incidence of associated complications during induction of anesthesia - laryngospasm, bradycardia, severe desaturation < 80 % oxygen saturation oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry pulse oximetry - SpO2 will be assessed

Study contacts

Contact information is provided by the study sponsor or research team.

Michaela Richtorvá, MD.

CONTACT

[email protected]

532234693 ext. 00420

Olga Košková, MD., Ph.D.

CONTACT

[email protected]

532234790 ext. 00420

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Brno University Hospital

Other

Collaborators

  • Brno University of Technology
  • Masaryk University

Registry information

Acronym: 3D obturator

Important dates

Study start
2021
Primary completion
2026
Study completion
2026
First posted
Jun 9, 2020
Registry last updated
Nov 17, 2025

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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