Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) Levels in Periodontal Disease

Tobacco use is a prevalent global habit with notable impacts on general health and periodontal disease. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a compound involved in the pathogenesis of various systemic inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular conditions. The aim of this study was to determine differences in saliva and serum levels of TMAO between periodontitis and periodontally healthy patients according to smoking status.

The study includes four groups: systemically and periodontally healthy non-smokers (NS- Control; n = 25), systemically healthy non-smokers with Stage-III Grade-B periodontitis (NS- Periodontitis; n = 25), systemically and periodontally healthy smokers (S-Control; n = 25), and systemically healthy smokers with Stage-III Grade-C periodontitis (S-Periodontitis; n = 25). Periodontal parameters were recorded. TMAO levels were determined in saliva and serum samples using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). TNF-α levels were measured by ELISA method.

Inclusion criteria

• • systemically healthy

• clinical diagnosis of periodontitis
• clinical diagnosis of periodontal health
• For smoking group : denied as smoking at least 10 cigarettes per day and the duration should more than 10 years.

Exclusion criteria

• decline to participate and being under 18 &amp; over 65 years of age; (2) having any systemic inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic conditions, including immunodeficiency syndrome, cardiovascular disorders, or hepatic disorders; (3) the use of antibiotics and/or anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs within 3 months preceding the study; (4) having nonsurgical periodontal treatment (previous 6 months); (5)having surgical periodontal treatment (previous 12 months); (6)having <20 natural teeth excluding the third molars.