The Use of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound for the Detection of ICU-Acquired Weakness

All newly admitted patients (shifted to ICU within 48 h of hospital admission), aged ≥ 16 years and expected to stay in ICU or critical care areas for 7 days will be included in the study after excluding those who fulfill excluding criterial. In all the participants, muscle strength will be assessed at day 1, day 4 and day 7, if the patients are awake as assessed by Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) (19) between -1 and 1, and cooperative (20) assessed by being able to follow at least 3 out of 5 verbal commands with facial muscles (scored by the Score of 5 Questions). Assessment will be done by an ICU physician blinded to the result of ultrasound. The MRC score will be used for assessment of strength in the following six muscle groups bilaterally: wrist dorsiflexors, elbow flexors, shoulder abductors, hip flexors, knee extensors and ankle dorsiflexors. ICU-AW will be defined as MRC sum score < 48, in accordance with the international consensus statement.(1) Muscle ultrasound measurements (the index test) Muscle ultrasound will be performed by an ICU faculty or a DM resident of Critical care medicine (who has an experience of at least 25 muscle ultrasonography with at least 10 muscle ultrasonography performed under supervision) (21) and will be blinded to the result of MRC score of the patient. Muscle ultrasound images on day 1, day 4 and day 7 will be obtained in the participants, using Mindray DC-60® portable ultrasound machine, with a 9 to 13 MHz linear probe. The device settings include MSK pre-set, and will be kept constant during all examinations. The depth can be altered individually when deeper view is required to visualize the entire muscle thickness. Patients will be examined in the supine position with extended upper, lower limbs and completely relaxed muscles. The relaxation of muscle will be ensured by scanning the muscle in the sagittal view. A contracted muscle will show bulging in the central portion with thinning of its more distal ends. The angle of pennation can be seen to change as the muscle moves through its range of motion and the interosseous membrane will show bulging. A generous amount of contact gel will be used to minimize the required pressure of the transducer on the skin. Compression of the tissue will be avoided as it can affect the quality of muscle images. Transverse images of each muscle will be obtained with the transducer perpendicular to the direction of muscle fibre orientation.

The following parameters will be measured by muscle ultrasound

• Muscle thickness
• Muscle echogenicity
• Muscle fasciculations Muscle thickness Measurements will be made using the built-in electronic calipers on a frozen, real time, cross section image over the largest bulk visible to eye. 3 measurements will be taken at each site and the mean value used for statistical analysis. The following anatomical sites will be assessed bilaterally: (22)

• The biceps brachii muscle including the underlying brachialis muscle
• The forearm flexor group
• The quadriceps femoris muscle
• The tibialis anterior muscle Muscle echogenicity The muscle echogenicity will be assessed by muscle ultrasound and graded according to Heckmatt and colleagues into four grades:(16) Grade I: Normal echo intensity with starry-night aspect with distinct bone echo.

Grade II: Increased echo intensity with normal bone echo. Grade III: Increased echo intensity with reduced bone signal. Grade IV: Increased echo intensity and loss of bone signal Muscle fasciculations The muscle fasciculations will be detected by ultrasound.(18) Each muscle will be examined over a time period of 10 seconds. The movement of fasciculation will be defined as twitching of small parts of the muscle lasting for 0.2-0.5 s, at least two of which will be required to be classified as being present. A fasciculation score ranges from 0 to 4 which is the number of regions with fasciculations out of four muscle regions. All the participants will be managed according to the ICU protocol of TUTH and there will be no variation in treatment between those allocated to study and those not allocated to the study.

Inclusion criteria

• All newly admitted patients (shifted to ICU within 48 h of hospital admission)

• Age ≥ 16 years
• Expected to stay in ICU or critical care areas for 7 days

Exclusion criteria

• Patients with an admission diagnosis of a neuromuscular disorder

• Patients with an admission diagnosis of stroke
• Patients with an admission diagnosis of cardiac arrest
• Patients with an admission diagnosis of traumatic brain injury
• Patients with an admission diagnosis of spinal injury
• Patients with an admission diagnosis of intracerebral infection or space-occupying lesion
• Patients transferred from ICU of another hospital
• Patients with a poor pre-hospital functional status (modified Rankin >3)
• Patients in whom no arms or no legs were available for muscle strength testing or ultrasound