The Underlying Mechanisms Regarding the Effect of Glucagon on the Kidneys Will be Investigated in Healthy Males.

In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, plasma concentrations of glucagon are inappropriately high (hyperglucagonemia). Hyperglucagonemia has been speculated to contribute to the pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease. Previously, glucagon has been assumed to cause glomerular hyperfiltration associated with urinary excretion of small proteins, a characteristic of early type 2 diabetic kidney injury. Further, glucagon has been shown to acutely increase urinary excretion of urea, sodium, and potassium, and patients with end-stage renal disease have elevated plasma levels of glucagon.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the underlying mechanisms behind the physiological effects of glucagon on kidney function and the kidney's ability to clear glucagon from the blood in healthy males. Specifically, the investigators aim to answer the following questions:

Does glucagon regulate kidney function through extraction in the kidney in addition to glomerular filtration? Does glucagon regulate kidney function by increasing renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate? Does glucagon regulate kidney function by increasing renal salt excretion?

The renal extraction of glucagon and the renal effects of glucagon will be investigated during a constant glucagon infusion in 10 healthy men aged 20-60 years. The study will be placebo-controlled. Each subject will participate in three independent and randomized trial days with a washout period of at least four weeks.

Inclusion criteria

• Age: 20-60 years
• Normal health ascertained through questioning and medical examination
• Normal values for blood concentrations of fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma total cholesterol, fasting triglycerides, HDL, LDL, creatinine, liver function, and electrolytes
• Informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Immunosuppressive treatment in the preceding 12 months
• Alcohol abuse
• Medical treatment with oral glucocorticoids, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, or GLP-1 receptor agonists, which, in the opinion of the investigator, may interfere with glucose metabolism
• Use of lithium
• Medical treatment that affects insulin secretion or cardiovascular performance measures
• Liver disease (ALT > 2x normal value)
• Renal impairment (se-creatinine > 130 μM and/or albuminuria)