The Role of a Clinical Pharmacist in the Management of Type 2 Diabetic Patients in a Primary Medical Center in Jordan

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Validated questionnaire were used. According to Abu Farha et.al, Patients' medication knowledge was assessed by their ability to answer correctly the questions related to their medication doses, indications and timing. For each correct statement the patient gained 1 point with a total of 3 points for each medication. Patients were considered to have suboptimal knowledge if they obtain an average medication score of 2 or less.

The cost avoidance of implemented interventions were evaluated relevant to "presumed cost avoidance". This implies an action that reduces or eliminates additional spending that would have happened if the intervention had not occurred. The reduction in costs was estimated using the cost avoidance values that were derived from Campbell. The resulting cost avoidance values for individual clinical pharmacy intervention types are listed below for individual clinical pharmacy intervention type.* Intervention type, Overall cost avoidance, $ Addition of a medication 62.81

• Change medication 74.67
• Discontinuation of a medication 57.25
• Dosage form change 67.33
• Dose adjustment 71.41
• Drug information 26.97
• Medication reconciliation 472.86
• Monitoring laboratory order 93.58
• Non-formulary consultation 56
• Non-formulary to formulary conversion 44
• Pharmacokinetic monitoring-level adjustment 91.08
• Prevention of adverse drug event 581.08
• Prompted medical follow-up 70.33

Patients' adherence to medications was assessed by Oriana Awwad et al.2022 validated Arabic version of the Morisky, Green, and Levine (MGL) adherence scale [16], This scale is "a 4-item instrument used to identify patients with chronic disease who are not taking their medications as prescribed". The scale encloses four questions: 1) "Do you ever forget to take your medicine?" 2) "Are you careless at times about taking your medicine?" 3) "When you feel better do you sometimes stop taking your medicine?" and 4) "Sometimes if you feel worse when you take the medicine, do you stop taking it?" It has a scoring scheme of "Yes" = 1 and "No" = 0 for each item with a total score ranging from 0 to 4. The sum of "Yes" answers provides a composite measure of non-adherence. Lower evaluations imply a higher level of adherence, and total patient scores can be classified into high adherence level (0 answered "yes"), moderate adherence level (1-2 answered "yes") and low level adherence (3-4 "yes").

The change in the Quality of Life questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) was assessed. At baseline, all patients were asked to self-complete the Quality of Life (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire. This self-completed questionnaire consists of 5 domains" (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression)" in which each dimension is rated with 5 levels of severity (no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems, and unable to perform or extreme problems). The answers on these domains are translated to give a consequent number; e.g 23445. These numbers have a health utility index score which already had been studied and validated for different population in a number of countries. A single index value for all health states with a range from 0 (where zero is a health state equivalent to death). Another factor express QoL is EQ-vas which is a scale from 0 to 100 where the patients are asked to indicate their overall health on the day after completion of questionnair.