The Predictive Value of Lower Extremity Hypertonia on Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity After Spinal Cord Injury

The goal of this observational study is to evaluate whether increased lower extremity muscle tone can serve as an independent predictor of neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) in adult patients (aged 18-80 years) with upper sacral spinal cord injury .

The main questions it aims to answer are:

Is increased lower extremity muscle tone independently associated with the presence of detrusor overactivity after adjusting for age, sex, injury level, injury type, and injury cause?

Does the predictive value of muscle tone for detrusor overactivity differ across subgroups defined by injury level, injury severity, and time since injury?

Researchers will compare patients with lower extremity hypertonia (Modified Ashworth Scale ≥ 1) to patients with normal muscle tone (Modified Ashworth Scale = 0) to see if muscle tone elevation independently predicts detrusor overactivity.

Participants will not be asked to do anything beyond their routine clinical care, as this is a retrospective study that only collects data from existing medical records, including neurological examination results, Modified Ashworth Scale scores, and urodynamic study reports.