The Influence of Cortical Lateralization on Selective Motor Control of the Arm Swing During Independent Walking After Stroke.

The number of muscle synergies needed to account for 90% variance in muscle activity measured by surface EMG during walking in stroke survivors compared to healthy controls. Following muscles will be examined:

• tibialis anterior,
• gastrocnemius lateralis
• soleus
• vastus medialis
• vastus lateralis
• rectus femoris
• biceps femoris
• gluteus medius
• erector spinae
• latissimus dorsi
• anterior deltoid
• posterior deltoid
• biceps brachii
• triceps brachii

The number of muscle synergies needed to account for 90% variance in muscle activity measured by surface EMG during walking in stroke survivors after a follow-up period of three months. Following muscles will be examined:

• tibialis anterior,
• gastrocnemius lateralis
• soleus
• vastus medialis
• vastus lateralis
• rectus femoris
• biceps femoris
• gluteus medius
• erector spinae
• latissimus dorsi
• anterior deltoid
• posterior deltoid
• biceps brachii
• triceps brachii

The number or distribution of muscle weightings within a synergy during walking in stroke survivors compared to healthy controls.

The distribution of muscle activation averages over one gait cycle measured by surface EMG of following muscles:

• tibialis anterior,
• gastrocnemius lateralis
• soleus
• vastus medialis
• vastus lateralis
• rectus femoris
• biceps femoris
• gluteus medius
• erector spinae
• latissimus dorsi
• anterior deltoid
• posterior deltoid
• biceps brachii
• triceps brachii

The number or distribution of muscle weightings within a synergy during walking in stroke survivors after a follow-up period of three months.

The distribution of muscle activation averages over one gait cycle measured by surface EMG of following muscles:

• tibialis anterior,
• gastrocnemius lateralis
• soleus
• vastus medialis
• vastus lateralis
• rectus femoris
• biceps femoris
• gluteus medius
• erector spinae
• latissimus dorsi
• anterior deltoid
• posterior deltoid
• biceps brachii
• triceps brachii

The amount of cortical lateralization during walking in stroke survivors compared to healthy controls. The score ranges from -1 to +1 with BSI = 0 reprenting perfect symmetry. Positive values represent higher power in the right hemishere compared to the left hemisphere, vice versa for negative values. For left side lesions, BSI was multiplied by -1.

The amount of cortical lateralization during walking in stroke survivors after a follow-up period of three months. The score ranges from -1 to +1 with BSI = 0 reprenting perfect symmetry. Positive values represent higher power in the right hemishere compared to the left hemisphere, vice versa for negative values. For left side lesions, BSI was multiplied by -1.

Movements of the upper limb during walking measured by 3D kinematics and expressed as angles (°)

Movements of the upper limb during walking measured by 3D kinematics and expressed as angles (°)

The amount of coherence (i.e. phase locking) between the muscle synergies and cortical activity during walking in stroke survivors compared to healthy controls. Higher values (0-1) indicate a better linear association.

The amount of coherence (i.e phase locking) between the muscle synergies and cortical activity during walking in stroke survivors after a follow-up period of three months. Higher values (0-1) indicate a better linear association.

Quantifies the impairment caused by a stroke. The NIHSS is composed of 11 items, each of which scores a specific ability between a 0 and 4. For each item, a score of 0 typically indicates normal function in that specific ability, while a higher score is indicative of some level of impairment. The highest score is 42.

Quantifies the general impairment caused by a stroke after a follow-up period of three months. The NIHSS is composed of 11 items, each of which scores a specific ability between a 0 and 4. For each item, a score of 0 typically indicates normal function in that specific ability, while a higher score is indicative of some level of impairment. The highest score is 42.

Assesses specifc motor impairments of the upper limbs of stroke survivors. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale is an ordinal scale that has 3 points for each item. A zero score is given for the item if the subject cannot do the task. A score of 1 is given when the task is performed partially and a score of 2 is given when the task is performed fully. However, reflex activity is measured using 2 points only, with a score of 0 or 2 for absence and presence of reflex respectively.

Assesses specifc motor impairments of the upper limbs of stroke survivors after a follow-up period of three months. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale is an ordinal scale that has 3 points for each item. A zero score is given for the item if the subject cannot do the task. A score of 1 is given when the task is performed partially and a score of 2 is given when the task is performed fully. However, reflex activity is measured using 2 points only, with a score of 0 or 2 for absence and presence of reflex respectively.

Quantifies spasticity by assessing the muscle's response (0-5) to different stretch velocities (V1, V2 or V3) and by determining the spasticity angle (R1 or R2).

Quantifies spasticity by assessing the muscle's response (0-5) to different stretch velocities (V1, V2 or V3) and by determining the spasticity angle (R1 or R2).

Examins the walking capacity of a stroke survivor by measuring how long it takes to walk a distance of 10 meters (in seconds).

Examins the walking capacity of a stroke survivor by measuring how long it takes to walk a distance of 10 meters (in seconds).

Assesses specifc motor impairments of the lower limbs of stroke survivors. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale is an ordinal scale that has 3 points for each item. A zero score is given for the item if the subject cannot do the task. A score of 1 is given when the task is performed partially and a score of 2 is given when the task is performed fully. However, reflex activity is measured using 2 points only, with a score of 0 or 2 for absence and presence of reflex respectively.

Assesses specifc motor impairments of the lower limbs of stroke survivors after a follow-up period of three months. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale is an ordinal scale that has 3 points for each item. A zero score is given for the item if the subject cannot do the task. A score of 1 is given when the task is performed partially and a score of 2 is given when the task is performed fully. However, reflex activity is measured using 2 points only, with a score of 0 or 2 for absence and presence of reflex respectively.