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NCT Number: NCT07039136

Virtual Reality Mirrors Therapy Usability

Mirror therapy has been shown to support motor recovery by stimulating neural mechanisms through visual feedback. Recent technological advancements, particularly in virtual reality (VR), have enabled the development of more immersive and interactive rehabilitation tools. This study focuses on evaluating the usability of a novel, Leap Motion-based Virtual Reality Mirror Therapy (VRMT) system designed to enhance upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients by combining traditional mirror therapy principles with engaging, gamified digital environments.

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Key information

Conditions

Healthy Brain Diseases Cardiovascular Diseases Central Nervous System Diseases Cerebrovascular Disorders Nervous System Diseases Stroke Vascular Diseases

Age range

18 year–60 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Faculty of Health Sciences Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Merkez, Turkey (Türkiye)

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About this study

The VRMT system was developed to provide a low-cost, sensor-based rehabilitation tool that enables stroke survivors to engage in interactive upper limb exercises. Utilizing the Leap Motion sensor for real-time hand tracking, the system projects mirrored movements of the unaffected limb onto a virtual representation of the affected limb, reinforcing motor learning and neuroplasticity. The system includes multiple gamified tasks that simulate functional hand and arm movements within a virtual environment. Participants with subacute or chronic stroke used the system across several sessions, after which usability and user experience were assessed using standardized tools such as the System Usability Scale (SUS) and User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ). This approach allows for detailed feedback on comfort, satisfaction, interaction quality, and perceived effectiveness, contributing to future development and clinical integration of VR-based rehabilitation technologies.The aim of this study is to evaluate the usability, acceptability, and user experience of a Leap Motion-based Virtual Reality Mirror Therapy (VRMT) system designed to support upper limb rehabilitation in individuals with stroke. By integrating traditional mirror therapy principles with immersive virtual environments, the study seeks to determine the feasibility of using this system in clinical and home-based rehabilitation settings.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Stereo acuity score of 3552 arc/sec in the Titmus Fly Test
  • No prior virtual reality experience

Exclusion criteria

  • Severe sensory impairments (vision or hearing)
  • Being diagnosed with neurological disorders

Treatment and study plan

Virtual Reality Mirror Therapy

Other

Participants will be seated on a chair with back support, their feet in contact with the ground, and both arms placed on a table. Data from participants' right forearms will be collected using Leap Motion tracking. In the virtual reality environment, both the original and mirrored forearms will be displayed within the participants' field of view.

The mirror therapy session will consist of two 15-minute segments with a 10-minute rest period in between. Activities to be practiced during the session will include wrist flexion and extension, forearm pronation and supination, finger flexion and extension, finger opposition movements, squeezing a cloth, grasping a round object, wiping a table, and object manipulation. The therapy program will follow a progression from simple to complex and functional movements throughout the session. Session will begin with basic exercises such as flexion and extension movements of the fingers, wrist, and elbow, with 10 repetitions for each movement.

Conventional Mirror Therapy

Other

Participants will be seated on a chair with back support, their feet in contact with the ground, and both arms placed on a table. Activities to be practiced during the session will include wrist flexion and extension, forearm pronation and supination, finger flexion and extension, finger opposition movements, squeezing a cloth, grasping a round object, wiping a table, and object manipulation. The therapy program will follow a progression from simple to complex and functional movements throughout the session. Session will begin with basic exercises such as flexion and extension movements of the fingers, wrist, and elbow, with 10 repetitions for each movement.

Sham Virtual Reality

Other

Participants will experience virtual environments while seated and wearing a virtual reality headset, without interacting with the environment. The sham mirror therapy session will consist of two 15-minute segments with a 10-minute rest period in between.

Primary outcomes

  1. Simulator Sickness Questionnaire

    Time frame: One hour

    "The SSQ evaluates 16 symptoms-including eye strain, nausea, sweating, and headache-using a four-point scale (none, mild, moderate, and severe). These symptoms are categorized into three overlapping subscales: nausea, oculomotor discomfort, and disorientation. Higher scores within each subscale reflect more intense experiences of simulator sickness. In military aviation contexts, a total SSQ score above 20 is typically interpreted as indicative of poor tolerance to simulation exposure. The total score generally ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating lower tolerance to simulated environments.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Presence Questionnaire

    Time frame: One hour

    The PQ comprises four subscales: Involvement, Sensory Fidelity, Adaptation/Immersion, and Interface Quality. Participants respond to each item using a 5-phe total score generally ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating lower tolerance to simulated environments.oint Likert scale, reflecting their perceived experience in the virtual environment. The total score generally ranges from 24 to 168, with higher scores indicating better presence feeling in simulated environments.

  2. Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire

    Time frame: One hour

    The PQ comprises four subscales: Involvement, Sensory Fidelity, Adaptation/Immersion, and Interface Quality. Participants respond to each item using a 5-phe total score generally ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating lower tolerance to simulated environments.oint Likert scale, reflecting their perceived experience in the virtual environment. The total score generally ranges from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicates higher motion sickness feeling in simulated environments.

  3. System Usability Scale

    Time frame: One hour

    The System Usability Scale (SUS) is a 10-item instrument developed to rapidly assess the usability of various technological systems, including websites, software, hardware, and mobile devices. It employs a 5-point Likert scale and focuses primarily on user-perceived usability.A score of 68 is considered the average benchmark, with scores above this value indicating above-average usability, and scores below 68 reflecting below-average usability. Systems receiving the highest usability ratings fall into the A+ category, corresponding to the 96th to 100th percentile range.The total score generally ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicates better usability..

  4. Virtual Reality System Usability Questionnaire

    Time frame: One hour

    The Virtual Reality System Usability Questionnaire (VRSUQ), which has been previously applied in VR usability research, will be employed to assess system functionality and ease of interaction. The questionnaire includes items covering system control, interface design, and overall satisfaction. Responses are provided on a 5 point Likert-type scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Higher scores reflect greater perceived usability and a more favorable user experience with the virtual environment .The total score generally ranges from 9 to 45

Study contacts

Contact information is provided by the study sponsor or research team.

ramazan kurul, PhD

CONTACT

[email protected]

+905436414731

Ömer Pala, PhD

CONTACT

[email protected]

+90 532 797 57 16

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Abant Izzet Baysal University

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Feasibility and Usability of Immersive VR Mirror Therapy for Upper Limb Rehabilitation

Important dates

Study start
2025
Primary completion
2026
Study completion
2026
First posted
Jun 26, 2025
Registry last updated
Feb 5, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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