The Impact of Time Restricted Feeding (TRF) in Improving the Health of Patients With Metabolic Syndrome

Inclusion criteria

• Waist circumference ≥ 102 cm (Men) or ≥ 88 cm (Women).
• Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL (or on drug treatment for elevated triglycerides).
• Reduced HDL-C < 40 mg/dL (Men), < 50 mg/dL (Women) (or on drug treatment for reduced HDL-C).
• Elevated blood pressure, systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg (or treatment with antihypertensive drug with history of hypertension).
• Elevated fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL (or drug treatment of elevated blood glucose).
• Age ≥18 years.
• If patients are on cardiovascular medications (HMG coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), other lipid modifying drugs (including over the counter drugs such as red yeast rice and fish oil), anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetes drugs), no dose adjustments will be allowed during the study period
• Own a Smartphone with Apple iOperating System (OS) or Android OS. Baseline eating period is ≥ 14 hours per day.

Exclusion criteria

• Pregnant or breast-feeding.
• Caregiver for a dependent requiring frequent nocturnal care/sleep interruptions. Shift workers with variable (e.g. nocturnal) hours.
• Planned international travel during the study period.
• Active tobacco abuse or history of treatment for alcohol abuse,
• Known inflammatory and/or rheumatologic disease,
• Known history of familial hypercholesterolemia,
• History of major adverse cardiovascular event within the past 1 year (acute coronary syndrome (ACS), percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, hospitalization for congestive heart failure, stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA))
• Uncontrolled arrhythmia (i.e. rate-controlled atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter are not exclusion criteria)
• History of sudden cardiac death (SCD) or implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) implantation for any reason,
• Known history of thyroid or adrenal disease,
• Any history of malignancy,
• Known history of type I diabetes,
• Known history of major immune disease,
• Eating disorder or bile syndrome,
• History of cirrhosis
• History of stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease or requiring dialysis
• History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Known active infectious diseases,
• Currently enrolled in a weight-loss or weight-management program,
• On a special or prescribed diet for other reasons (e.g. Celiac disease),
• Currently taking any medication that is meant for, or has known effect on, appetite,
• Any history of surgical intervention for weight management,
• History of venous thromboembolism.
• Uncontrolled psychiatric disorder (including history of hospitalization for psychiatric illness)
• History of known clotting or bleeding disorder(s)