The Impact of Supplementation With Hericium Erinaceus (Lion's Mane) Extract on Cognitive Functioning

The old/new word recognition task is designed to assess episodic memory. It is consisted of two phases: a learning phase and a recognition phase. During the learning phase, participants viewed 30 pictures on the computer. In the recognition phase, participants were presented with 30 "old" and 30 "new" pictures in random order and were asked to determine whether each picture had been shown during the learning phase. To analyze episodic memory task we followed Macmillan and Creelman (2005) signal detection theory, where d' is the ability to discriminate between signal and noise (between old and new stimuli), H stands for the proportion of correct changes detected (hit rate), and F stands for the proportion of changes incorrectly reported (false alarm rate). d' = zH - zF

California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) measure the verbal learning and memory. It measures how well individuals learn and recall verbal material, assessing both short-term and long-term memory. The Differentiation score measures the ability to distinguish between correct and incorrect responses. Scores range from 0 to 16, with higher scores indicating better outcome.

Scores range from 0 to 308, with higher scores indicating better outcome.

Scores range from 0 to 308, with higher scores indicating better outcome.

The Posner Cueing Task assesses visuospatial selective attention, specifically the speed and efficiency of orienting attention to a cued location. To analyze this efficiency, we calculated the cueing effect. This is defined as the difference in mean reaction time between invalidly cued trials and validly cued trials (RT invalid-RT valid). A larger cueing effect indicates a higher "cost" of disengaging attention from an incorrect location and shifting it to the correct target.

The Posner Cueing Task assesses visuospatial selective attention, specifically the speed and efficiency of orienting attention to a cued location. To assess attentional orienting speed, the primary outcome is the reaction time to the target in valid trials (where the cue correctly predicts the target location). A shorter reaction time indicates faster attentional orienting to the predicted spatial location. Reaction times are measured in milliseconds.

Scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating more severe depressive symptoms.

Scores range from 10 to 50, with higher scores indicating greater fatigue.

A maximum time limit of 240 seconds (4 minutes) is applied.

A maximum time limit of 240 seconds (4 minutes) is applied.

Scores range from 0 to 14, with higher scores indicating better outcome.

Scores range from 0 to 14, with higher scores indicating better outcome.

Scores range from 0 to 39, with higher scores indicating better outcome.

The Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ) is a self-report instrument designed to assess subjective memory functioning and memory complaints. We utilized the version developed by Gilewski et al. (1990), which consists of 64 items divided into four main subscales: Frequency of Forgetting, Seriousness of Forgetting, Retrospective Functioning, and Mnemonics Usage. Higher scores on the MFQ indicate a higher level of perceived memory functioning.

The Operation Span (OSPAN) task is a standard measure of working memory capacity, requiring participants to solve mathematical equations while simultaneously remembering a sequence of letters. The primary outcome measure is the capacity load, which represents the sum of all letters from sets that were recalled perfectly in their correct order. A higher capacity load score indicates a greater ability to maintain and manipulate information in the face of distraction, reflecting superior working memory capacity.

Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating higher subjective energy at the time of assessment.

The Raven's Progressive Matrices test is used to measure the level of general intelligence, understood as fluid intelligence. It is scored on a scale from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating better outcome.

The scale ranges from 0 to 7, with higher scores reflecting greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet.