The Effectiveness of Aromatherapy in an Urban, Safety-Net Hospital on Pain

This study will evaluate the impact of aromatherapy on the administration of opioid pain medication administration among the inpatient Surgical Services population. Patients from multiple units (burns, trauma, plastics, general surgery, and orthopedics) will be included. The study duration will be six months.

The Lavender-Sandalwood scented aromatherapy sticker has been selected for this study because it helps promote relaxation, comfort, and sleep. After introducing the patient to the study and obtaining informed consent for participation, the sticker will be placed on the patient gown. The sticker aroma last for twelve (12) hours and can be replaced upon patient request. The sticker will be used for 72 hours after the surgical procedure and initiated during patient's hospital stay. After use of aromatherapy sticker, the patient will participate in a survey to evaluate their experience with the sticker. In addition, opioid pain medication administration will be collected along with demographic and relevant clinical information.

The historical control group will be comprised of hospitalized patients from the previous year with the dame time period, demographic characteristics, service line, and relevant clinical information. Other methods for establishing a control group (a randomized controlled trial or concurrent case control study) are not feasible due to the potential impact of the aromatherapy on all patients in close proximity to the enrolled patient. The historical control cohort will also allow to collect non-COVID time period data to avoid any bias due to the pandemic.

The primary endpoint for this study is a decrease in the percentage of study patients who are in the pain scale threshold from 7-10 requiring opioid pain medication administration 72 hours after surgery/intervention. The pain score will be recorded for each patient before opioid pain medication administration within the time period. The historical control group will be from the same precious year time frame to control for any seasonal bias. The first dose or baseline pain score will be collected for each group and other relevant pain scores within the 72-hour time period after surgery. Demographic and other clinically relevant information will be compared between study and historical control group to account for any differences in the primary and secondary outcomes.

Outcomes will be collected from the electronic medical record (pain scores, opioid pain medication administration, and length of stay by service line. Qualitative measures of aromatherapy effectiveness will be obtained through patient surveys.

Data to be extracted for the active current group and the historical matched control group include the following:

• Patient demographics (matching variable list)

• Age (18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, >70.
• Gender
• Race/ethnicity
• Other demographic variables not proposed in matching

• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Other clinical co-morbidities
• Clinical history

• Opioid pain medication administration given for 72 hours after surgery or intervention
• Surgical Service Units: burns, trauma, plastics, general surgery, orthopedics
• Dates of admission and discharge
• Length of stay
• Date and type of surgery/intervention
• All Pain scores within 72 hours after surgery or intervention.

Data to be extracted for the current active group:

• Dates of aromatherapy application (possible 6 doses within 72-hour time period)
• Patient survey forms

Inclusion criteria

A) For the current study group:

• Inpatients, 18 years and older, admitted to a surgical service inpatient unit and who are experiencing pain and/or anxiety, and
• No history of chronic pain, respiratory problems, asthmas, allergies, or lost sense of smell, and
• Provide informed consent to participate in the study, and
• Complain of pain and anxiety in the 72 hours after surgery or intervention and requiring PANX.

B) For the historical control group:

• Patients from the same time in the previous year with the same inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Exclusion criteria

A) For the current study group:

• Patients with known allergies or sensitivities to aromatherapy products.
• Lack of interest in participating in or subsequent withdrawal from the research.
• Patients who are intubated, have died, or had serious disease complications will also be excluded from the study time period and previous year historical control group.

Subject withdrawal from the Study

• Patients who develop allergic symptoms while the aromatherapy patch is applied.
• Patients who require intubation or critical interventions during their hospitalization.

B) For the historical control group:

• Anyone who does not meet the inclusion criteria