The Effect of Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation on Brain Characteristics, Pain Intensity, and Cognitive Functions in Older People with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain.

The recruitment rate, retention rate (completion rate), non-completion reasons, drop-out rate will be evaluated as our primary outcomes, because of the feasibility of the study.

ITBS acceptability questionnaire has ten items of positive acceptability, ranged from 10 to 50, and it also has five items of negative acceptability, ranged from 5 to 25. The iTBS acceptability questionnaire has a total score ranging from 15 to 75.

The 11-point numerical rating scale, ranged from 0 to 10, higher scores indicate higher pain intensity.

The Chinese version of the short Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, scores ranged from 0 to 13, higher scores for each domain (depression, anxiety, and stress) indicate more respective problems.

The Hong Kong Chinese Version of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire has 24 items. Scores ranged from 0 to 24, higher scores indicate worse disability.

The Chinese version of Pain Catastrophizing Score. The scores ranged from 0 to 13, higher scores indicate more pain catatrophizing thought.

The body map scoring system indicates the location of participants' painful site

Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illness, and Loss, the presence of 3 of 5 item characteristics indicate the presence of frailty, scores ranged from 0 to 5. Lower scores mean more frailty.

Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; it has 3 domains (leisure, household, and occupation activities) to measure physical activity levels of adults aged 65 or above. higher scores indicate more active.

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. It has 7 domains to measure sleep quality , sleep latency, sleep duration, habital sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction. Scores ranged from 0 to 21, higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality.

Hong Kong Montreal Cognitive Assessment. It is a cognitive screening tool specifically adapted for Chinese older adults in Hong Kong. It is designed to detect mild cognitive impairment and dementia. A score < 26 suggests participant has mild cognitive impairment.

The digit 2-back task, more response accuracy of digits indicates better working memory

The More Odd Shifting task, It requires participants to switch between different mental sets or rules, such as identifying odd numbers or shifting between different categories. Better response accuracy indicates better cognitive flexibility

Color-Word Matching Stroop Task, more correct matching indicate better ability to inhibit cognitive interference

The Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, more correct matching of cards indicate better perseveration and abstract reasoning.

The Verbal Digits Forward and Backward Test, more correct recall of digits indicate better working memory and executive function

The Trail Making Tests, a neuropsychological test of visual attention and task switching, completing the trail correctly within a shorter period of time means better cognitive flexibility

Go/NoGo task, more response accuracy indicates better control of inhibition.