The Effect of Hand Position on Balance

This study employed a single-group repeated measures design, conducted in accordance with the STROBE reporting guidelines. Nineteen participants who met the inclusion criteria were recruited. All assessments were performed individually in a quiet, controlled environment to minimize external distractions. Participants were instructed to avoid intense physical activity, caffeine consumption, and to wear appropriate sports attire for at least 48 hours prior to testing.

Upon arrival, participants rested in a seated position while demographic data were collected. Each test procedure was explained both verbally and visually, and participants were allowed to perform a practice trial to ensure comprehension. A crossover design was used to counterbalance the order of conditions (hands on hips vs. hands free), which was randomly assigned. Repeated measurements were conducted 24 hours after the initial assessments, at the same time of day, to control for diurnal variation. Detailed descriptions of the tests performed are provided in the following sections.