The Effect of Body Awareness Therapy on Pain, Function and Psychosocial Parameters in Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

Inclusion criteria

Adults aged 18-65 years. Diagnosed with Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD) according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD).

Experiencing orofacial pain or jaw functional limitation for at least the past 3 months.

Ability to understand and follow verbal instructions required for Body Awareness Therapy sessions.

Willingness to participate in the study and to attend all assessment and intervention sessions.

Providing written informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

History of jaw trauma, fracture, or surgery within the past 6 months. Presence of systemic rheumatologic or inflammatory disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis) that may affect TMJ function.

Neurological or psychiatric conditions that could interfere with participation or outcome assessments (e.g., major psychiatric disorder, cognitive impairment).

Severe dental or orthodontic conditions requiring immediate treatment (e.g., acute infection, ongoing orthodontic procedures).

Use of occlusal splints, bite guards, or other TMJ-related interventions initiated within the past 3 months.

Participation in any other physiotherapy or exercise program targeting the jaw, cervical spine, or posture during the study period.

Pregnancy, due to potential changes in joint laxity and pain perception. Current use of medications affecting neuromuscular or pain responses, such as muscle relaxants, corticosteroids, or neuropathic pain medications (unless dose has been stable for 3 months).

Any contraindication to performing light-to-moderate physical activity or awareness-based exercises.

Inability to attend scheduled therapy sessions or complete study assessments.