The Cardiovascular Effects of Patent Foramen Ovale in Hypoxia

Inclusion criteria

• Males and females age > 18 but < 60 years of age at the time of signing the informed consent.
• Medically documented episode of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema occurring after exposure to hypoxia at high altitude.
• No other associated congenital cardiac or vascular abnormalities.
• Physically active, and able to perform endurance exercise.

Exclusion criteria

• Do not otherwise meet the inclusion criteria.
• Cardiac- or pulmonary-related medications.
• Known history of anemia, iron deficiency, iron supplementation (oral or intravenous) in the preceding 60 days.
• Systemic anticoagulation or aspirin use that cannot be temporarily held for the study.
• Non-cardiopulmonary disorders that adversely influence exercise ability (e.g. arthritis or peripheral vascular disease).
• Engaging in vigorous physical activity [≥1 hour at ≥6 mets] at ≥8,000 ft for >2 days per week over the preceding 4 weeks, and residing at ≥8,000 ft for 3 or more consecutive nights in the preceding 30 days.
• History of any recent illnesses (e.g. viral respiratory infections) within 4 weeks of testing.
• Women who are pregnant (urine pregnancy test given to all women of childbearing age at the time of testing).
• Other conditions that would limit the patient's ability to complete the study procedures.