Study on the Efficacy of Temporal Interference Stimulation (TIS) for Parkinson's Disease

Inclusion criteria

• Adult males or females aged 40 years or above;
• Diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease according to the UK Brain Bank Criteria, with onset after 40 years of age;
• Previous or current dopaminergic replacement therapy (e.g., levodopa) with good response; (4) Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage 1.5-2.5;
• Ability to walk independently without assistive devices for at least 5 minutes;
• Absence of severe freezing of gait (FOG);
• Disease duration ≥2 years since diagnosis, with stable clinical condition and ability to comply with study assessments and interventions;
• Stable medication dosage for at least 4 weeks prior to the study;
• Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage 1.5-2.5;
• Signed informed consent, with the participant or legal guardian capable of understanding and willing to participate in the study.

Exclusion criteria

• Presence of other neurological disorders that may interfere with the study
• Mild or greater cognitive impairment (MoCA score ≤23)
• Orthopedic or other health conditions that may affect gait or balance
• Contraindications to MRI scanning, such as claustrophobia
• History of antipsychotic, antidepressant, or other medications that may affect dopamine levels
• Other significant psychiatric history
• Contraindications including history of epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, or implanted metal devices in the brain or heart (e.g., stimulators, pacemakers)
• History of electroconvulsive therapy
• Concurrent participation in other gait- or balance-related intervention training
• Physician-diagnosed cardiovascular risk factors for exercise.