This study plans to recruit 20 patients with Parkinson's disease. The experimental design is a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial, where neither the participants nor the evaluators will know the group assignments. All participants will receive rTMS "activation" followed by a modified Otago exercise program (balance training) specifically targeting Parkinson's disease. The intervention will last for 5 weeks, with sessions twice a week, totaling 10 treatments.
Before the intervention, participants will be randomly and evenly assigned to two groups: a high-frequency stimulation group (HF-rTMS) and a sham control group. This study will use the "Magstim Rapid² TMS system" for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation provided by the Department of Rehabilitation at Chung Shan Medical University Hospital.
For the sham control group, based on recommendations from previous related studies, participants will receive the same stimulation intensity as the experimental group, but the treatment coil will be placed on the head rotated by 90°, minimizing possible neurophysiological responses. This approach ensures a safe and humane experimental design.
Additionally, assessments will be conducted before the intervention, after all treatment sessions are completed, and at a one-month follow-up.
After completing the pre-test, the subjects will be randomly assigned to receive either high-frequency or sham rTMS treatment. The stimulation site is based on several recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (Conte D et al., 2025; Yang et al., 2018; Li et al., 2022), targeting the bilateral primary motor cortex for the lower limbs (M1-LL). The treatment lasts approximately 25 minutes. Immediately after the magnetic stimulation treatment, a 60-minute modified Otago exercise program (balance training) will be conducted. The balance training will be guided by a professional physical therapist.
