Study of 2 Medicines (Aztreonam and Avibactam) Compared to Best Available Therapy for Serious Gram-negative Infections

• Following informed consent, potential participants who are hospitalized, receiving IV antibiotics for less than 24 hours within 48 hours of randomization or failed antibiotic therapy for greater than 48 hours and have suspected/known gram-negative bacterial infections with a complex intra-abdominal infection (cIAI), complex urinary tract (cUTI), blood stream infection (BSI), hospital acquired pneumonia or ventilator associated pneumonia (HAP/VAP) will be screened.
• Although cultures are required, isolation of the causative pathogen is not a criteria for enrollment. - cUTI participants requiring systemic prophylactic antibiotics for any reason at screening are allowed to enter the study provided they discontinue this medication prior to first study drug dose.
• If the participant satisfies the inclusion and exclusion requirements, the participant will be randomly enrolled in a ratio of 3 iv ATM-AVI for each iv BAT.
• A total of 48 participants at approximately 33 sites will be randomized using interactive response technology (IRT).
• The study will be multicenter, international and open label with a single blinded observer assigned by each investigational site.
• There will be 4 cohorts with ages 12 to less than 18 years (Cohort 1), 6 to less than 12 years (Cohort 2), 2 to less than 6 years (Cohort 3) and 9 months to less than 2 years (Cohort 4).
• Each cohort will have 12 participants for a total of 48 participants.
• Cohorts 1 and 2 will be enrolled simultaneously. - - Cohort 3 will begin enrollment after the first 4 participants complete Cohort 2 and PK data and safety have been reviewed by the sponsor and an external data monitoring committee (DMC). Then ATM-AVI dose may be adjusted as needed.
• Cohort 4 will begin enrollment after the first 4 participants completed Cohort 3 and the PK data have been reviewed by the sponsor and the DMC. Then the ATM-AVI dose may be adjusted as needed.
• After 4 participants complete Cohort 4 the PK data will be review by the sponsor and DMC and then the ATM-AVI dose may be adjusted as needed.
• Enrollment will not be paused during the PK data reviews of the first 4 ATM-AVI participants in a cohort. If the ATM-AVI dose requires adjustment, the cohort 4 number will be increased to 20 with 15 receiving ATM-AVI and 5 BAT.
• All participants in the ATM-AVI group will receive an initial ATM-AVI loading dose and then maintenance doses every 6 or 8 hours depending on the participant's weight and kidney function.
• ATM-AVI will be infused over 3 hours.
• Those with cIAI will receive metronidazole (MTZ). Patients with cIAI and Cockayne Syndrome are excluded due to a risk of severe hepatotoxicity with the use of MTZ. - At the investigator's discretion MTZ will be administered to those with BSI, cUTI or HAP/VAP and an associated anaerobic infection.
• MTZ will be administered iv over 20 to 30 minutes starting.
• Optional gram-positive coverage with vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid is permitted. Daptomycin is only permitted for cIAI and BSI participants.
• Coverage with iv aminoglycoside is permitted for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• Concerning concomitant medications, participants with cUTI may not take prophylactic therapy during study drug treatment.
• Systemic antibiotics are not permitted unless the study drug failed, or it is for a remote site infection essential for participant's safety.
• Systemic iv antivirals are permitted.
• Systemic antifungals should be avoided unless indicated.
• Meropenem/carbapenem-type antibiotics cannot be given concomitantly with ATM-AVI.
• Probenecid and inhaled antibiotics are to be avoided from informed consent until the end of iv treatment (EOIV).
• Antibiotic peritoneal lavage is not permitted. Non-antibiotic lavage is permitted.
• The primary endpoints are pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety.
• Five PK micro-blood samples of at least 0.1 mL will be drawn. The initial 2 PK micro blood samples will be drawn at 2 hours and 5 hours after the first infusion. The next 3 PK micro-blood samples will be drawn at 15 minutes before, 5 hours and 5 3/4 hours after the 5th infusion or a later infusion.
• ATM and AVI clearance (CL), maximum (Cmax) and minimum (Cmin) venous blood concentration, area under the curve (AUC) and half-life (t1/2) will be analyzed.
• A blinded observer (BO), assigned by each investigational site, will clinically assess the participants every day.
• The BO will evaluate causality of all adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) while the participant is in the hospital, within 24 hours of the end of iv study drug (EOIV), and within 48 hours of end of treatment for those switched to oral therapy.
• For the secondary endpoint of efficacy, the BO will clinically assess the test of cure (TOC) within 7 to 14 days of the last antibiotic treatment. Potential for liver function abnormalities and acute kidney injury will be specifically monitored in addition to standard of care assessments.
• Cure is defined as signs and symptoms improved with no further antimicrobial treatment required except for adjunctive gram-positive therapy or for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• In addition, for cIAI participants, no unplanned drainage or surgical intervention is necessary since the initial surgical procedure. Only for those switched to oral therapy before 14 days, improvement is afebrile with absence of new signs or symptoms and improvement of 1 or more symptoms or signs with no worsening of signs or symptoms.
• Failure is defined as death, requirement of antibiotics for the index infection, or discontinuation due to an AE(s). cIAI participants have additional failure criteria of requiring surgical intervention and/or have an infected post-surgical wound(s).
• Participant may choose to permanently discontinue and are free to discontinue treatment without further treatment prejudice. Possible reasons for permanent discontinuation are:
• Condition under investigation resolved prior to minimum treatment period
• AE or any other condition posing a risk to a participant or jeopardizing safety
• Investigator, national coordinators, medical monitor, and/or Sponsor decided it is in the best interest of the participant's safety
• Positive pregnancy test during the treatment period
• Absence of explanation for liver injury and/or increase in liver function tests or acute kidney toxicity
• Discontinuation of intervention does not represent withdrawal from the study and participants should remain in the study until the end of the study (EOS).

Inclusion criteria

Participants must meet the following key inclusion criteria to be eligible for enrollment into the study:

• Participants ≥9 months to <18 years of age at Screening; Female (post-menarchal) participants must have a negative serum/urine pregnancy test (β hCG sensitivity ≥25 mIU/mL).
• Suspected/confirmed cIAI, cUTI, HAP/VAP, or BSI with gram-negative pathogens.
• Require hospitalization and IV antibiotic treatment.

Exclusion criteria

Participants with any of the following characteristics/conditions will be excluded:

• Other medical or psychiatric condition including recent (within the past year) or active suicidal ideation/behavior or laboratory abnormality that may increase the risk of study participation or, in the investigator's judgment, make the participant inappropriate for the study.
• Gram-negative species not expected to respond to ATM AVI ≤14 days.
• Pregnant or breastfeeding; fertile male/female unwilling/unable to use effective contraception for at ≥7 days (males) or ≥28 days (females) after last ATM-AVI infusion.

(HAP/VAP only):

• Microbiologically known or high likelihood of monomicrobial infection with a gram-positive organism, lung abscess, pleural empyema, or post-obstructive pneumonia, lung or heart transplant.
• Received >24 hours of systemic antibiotics during the 48 hours before randomization unless participant has documented treatment failure after at least 48 hours of antibiotic therapy.
• Current use of any prohibited concomitant medication(s) or unwilling/unable (Cockayne Syndrome patients with cIAI are excluded) to use MTZ or having received previous investigational drug(s) or vaccine ≤30 days or 5 half-lives before randomization (whichever is longer).
• CrCL ≤15 mL/min/1.73 m2 (eCrCl or eGFR calculation based on age).
• Non-infectious related screening ALT or AST >3 x ULN, ALP >3 x ULN and/or TBili >2 x ULN (> 3 x ULN for Gilbert's syndrome).
• Investigator site staff directly involved in the conduct of the study and their family members, site staff otherwise supervised by the investigator, and sponsor and sponsor delegate employees directly involved in the conduct of the study and their family members.