Social Cognition in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Background Social cognition - encompassing emotion recognition, theory of mind, face processing, social communication, and related abilities - is a core domain of impairment in ASD. Despite growing interest, the developmental trajectory of social cognition across early childhood and adolescence in ASD remains incompletely characterized, and evidence-based normative benchmarks and scalable family-implemented interventions targeting these abilities are limited.

Objectives

• To comprehensively characterize the multi-domain social cognitive profile and developmental trajectory of children with ASD (aged 2.5-14 years) relative to typically developing peers.
• To establish age-referenced normative data for the multi-domain social cognition assessment battery in a large sample of typically developing children (n ≈ 880).

Observational Component All enrolled participants (ASD and TD groups) will complete a multi-modal assessment battery including: ADOS-2 (ASD group only); Wechsler intelligence scales; eye-tracking paradigms probing face processing and social attention; and a series of behavioral experimental tasks assessing ToM, empathy, and self-perception.

Normative Component A large sample of typically developing children (target n = 880) will complete the full social cognition assessment battery. Age-stratified means, standard deviations, and percentile norms will be calculated across the battery to serve as reference data for clinical and research use.

Study Sites Data will be collected at the primary site and potentially at international collaborating institutions. All sites will follow a harmonized protocol.

Inclusion criteria

• Age between 2 years 6 months and 11 years 11 months, with normative data focusing on 3.0 to 10.0 years.
• Native Mandarin Chinese speaker, capable of understanding and cooperating with the assessment.
• Normal development, with no diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders.
• Guardian has provided written informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

• Intellectual/Developmental assessment score (IQ/DQ) less than 70.
• Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), language impairment, cerebral palsy, or other neurodevelopmental conditions.
• Severe hearing or visual impairment that prevents completion of the assessment.
• History of major psychological or physical trauma within the past 3 months, or significant lack of cooperation.