Evaluating Pathways Mutual Gaze Protocol on Social Skills in Young Children Suspected of Autism

Purpose of the Study: The primary goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether a parent-mediated treatment can improve social communication, language, and adaptive functioning in 16-30-month-old children from diverse cultural and language backgrounds who are at high risk for autism (referred to as children with social challenges).

Study Design:

• Study Phase: N/A
• Intervention Model: Participants are assigned to one of two groups in parallel.

Study Description:

• Participants: 80 children aged 16-30 months who show social communication challenges and are at high risk for autism will be randomly assigned to one of two groups:

• Group 1: Pathways Intervention with mutual gaze strategies.
• Group 2: Pathways Intervention without mutual gaze strategies.
• Intervention Sessions: Participants will attend 12 sessions, each lasting 1.5 hours, over approximately 15 weeks (allowing for possible cancellations) of parent-mediated intervention in their homes or another convenient location.

Assessments: To track progress and evaluate long-term effects, participants will undergo several culturally and linguistically appropriate assessments at three time points:

• Baseline: Within two weeks before starting the intervention.
• Post-Intervention: Within two weeks after completing the intervention.
• Three-Month Follow-Up: 12-15 weeks after completing the intervention.

Each evaluation will take around two hours and will include:

• Child Assessments:

• Mullen Scale of Early Learning (MSEL): Assesses general developmental age (administered only at baseline).
• Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales-Developmental Profile (CSBS-DP): Evaluates social communication.
• EarliPointTM: Measures social, verbal, and nonverbal cognition.
• Caregiver Questionnaires:

• Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Third Edition (VABS-III): Assesses adaptive functioning.
• PhenX Toolkit Core Measures: Collects family and child demographic information, including parents' and grandparents' place of birth (administered only at baseline).

The CSBS-DP and VABS-III have been validated as appropriate measures for determining meaningful changes in children with or at high risk for autism, based on previous research

Inclusion criteria

• Children must be between 16-30 months old at the start of the study;
• Children must receive social disability index of 7 or lower if child is 16-20 months old, or 8.1 or lower if child is 21-30 months old on the EarliPointTM assessment with a researcher (i.e., human) confirming social challenges are present;
• Parents must report no other known neurological or genetic concerns or disorders
• Parents must be fluent in English or Spanish
• Parents must live within a 30-mile radius of the Callier Center Dallas or Callier Center Richardson.

Exclusion criteria

• Children younger than 16 months or older than 30 months at the start of the study
• Children who are not at high risk for autism based on an EarliPointTM assessment (with researcher confirmation of social challenges)
• Children whose parents report they have any other known neurological or genetic concerns or disorders;
• Children whose parents are not fluent in English or Spanish