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Completed

NCT Number: NCT06818318

Smartphone Addiction and Temporomandibular Dysfunction

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of smartphone addiction on temporomandibular dysfunction with the determinants of pain threshold, head posture and neck disability level.

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Key information

Conditions

Smartphone Addiction Behavior Behavior, Addictive Compulsive Behavior Impulsive Behavior Internet Addiction Disorder Neurologic Manifestations Pain Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms Technology Addiction

Age range

18 year–30 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Observational

Primary location

Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University

Balıkesir, Turkey, 10200, Turkey (Türkiye)

About this study

Firstly, the purpose of the research and the evaluation methods were explained to the students. Students who volunteered to participate in the study and met the inclusion criteria were included in the evaluation. Approval was obtained from the evaluated students with the 'Informed Voluntary Consent Form'. Then, the students will fill in the Descriptive Data Form. The risk of smartphone addiction of the students who filled out the Descriptive Data Form was assessed with the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form, TMD dysfunction status was assessed with the Fonseca Anamnestic Index, neck disability status was assessed with the Neck Disability Index, TMJ pain was assessed with the Numeric Pain Scale, head posture was assessed with a goniometer, and pressure pain threshold of the tenar and masseter muscles was assessed with an algometer. The evaluations took an average of 45 minutes for each student. The evaluations of the students were performed only once.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • To study at Bandirma Onyedi Eylül University
  • Students between the ages of 18-30 years, whose voluntary consent was obtained and who use smartphones

Exclusion criteria

  • Individuals undergoing masseter botox application
  • Individuals diagnosed with TMJ disorder and/or bruxism
  • Individuals with musculoskeletal system problems such as fractures of the hand, fingers, upper extremities and/or TMJ, rheumatoid disease with evidence of systemic, specific pathological conditions
  • Individuals who have undergone any surgical operation related to hand, finger, upper extremity and/or TMJ problem
  • Individuals who have received hand, finger, upper extremity and/or TMJ-related physiotherapy and rehabilitation services in less than 6 months
  • Individuals with facial paralysis
  • Individuals with diagnosed psychiatric illness.

Treatment and study plan

Temporomandibular disorder

Other

Fonseca's Anamnestic Index was used for TMJ dysfunction. The diagnostic accuracy of the Fonseca's Anamnestic Index was found to be high in identifying pain-related and intra-articular TMDs, and the cut-off point was set as 25 points. A score of 25 and above was accepted as the presence of TMD.

Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form

Other

In our study, the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form will be filled out in order to evaluate the intensity of smartphone use of students, and the daily duration of smartphone use will be recorded. The Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form is a 6-point Likert-type scale consisting of 10 items used to measure the risk of smartphone addiction. Scores obtained from the scale vary between 10-60, and an increase in the score indicates an increased risk for smartphone addiction. Although the scale does not have a cut-off score in our country, it was determined as 31 for men and 33 for women in the Korean sample.

Neck Disability Index

Other

The Neck Disability Index was used to assess the disability caused by neck pain. This questionnaire consists of ten items, four of which are related to subjective symptoms (pain intensity, headache, concentration, sleep) and six of which are related to activities of daily living (self-care, lifting, reading, work, driving and leisure activities). Scale scoring ranges from 0-40.

Temporomandibular Joint Pain

Other

Numeric Pain Scale is a simple, reliable and short-term method commonly used in the clinic to measure pain intensity. It is a very reliable method in the evaluation of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments that reduce pain. The patient is told that the most severe pain he/she experiences is 10, and if he/she has no pain, the pain intensity is 0. The participant was asked to say a number between 0 and 10 corresponding to the intensity of pain felt in the TMJ region.

Anterior posture of the head

Other

The anterior posture of the head was assessed with the Craniovertebral angle using a goniometer. The Craniovertebral angle was measured in degrees as the angle between the horizontal plane and the 7th cervical vertebra and the ear hole.

Pressure Pain Threshold Assessment

Other

In our study, the pressure pain threshold measurement of the dominant and non-dominant side masseter and tenar muscles was evaluated with Baseline manual algometer.

Primary outcomes

  1. Temporomandibular disorder

    Time frame: June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024

    Fonseca's Anamnestic Questionnaire was used for TMJ dysfunction. The diagnostic accuracy of the Fonseca's Anamnestic Questionnaire was found to be high in identifying pain-related and intra-articular TMDs, and the cut-off point was set as 25 points. A score of 25 and above was accepted as the presence of TMD.

  2. Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form

    Time frame: June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024

    In our study, the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form will be filled out in order to evaluate the intensity of smartphone use of students, and the daily duration of smartphone use will be recorded. The Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form is a 6-point Likert-type scale consisting of 10 items used to measure the risk of smartphone addiction. Scores obtained from the scale vary between 10-60, and an increase in the score indicates an increased risk for smartphone addiction. Although the scale does not have a cut-off score in our country, it was determined as 31 for men and 33 for women in the Korean sample.

  3. The Neck Disability Index

    Time frame: June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024

    The Neck Disability Index was used to assess the disability caused by neck pain. This questionnaire consists of ten items, four of which are related to subjective symptoms (pain intensity, headache, concentration, sleep) and six of which are related to activities of daily living (self-care, lifting, reading, work, driving and leisure activities). Scale scoring ranges from 0-40.

  4. Temporomandibular Joint Pain

    Time frame: June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024

    Numeric Pain Scale is a simple, reliable and short-term method commonly used in the clinic to measure pain intensity. It is a very reliable method in the evaluation of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments that reduce pain. The patient is told that the most severe pain he/she experiences is 10, and if he/she has no pain, the pain intensity is 0. The participant was asked to say a number between 0 and 10 corresponding to the intensity of pain felt in the TMJ region.

  5. Anterior head posture

    Time frame: June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024

    The anterior posture of the head was assessed with the Craniovertebral angle using a goniometer. The Craniovertebral angle was measured in degrees as the angle between the horizontal plane and the 7th cervical vertebra and the ear hole.

  6. Pressure pain threshold assessment

    Time frame: June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024

    In our study, the pressure pain threshold measurement of the dominant and non-dominant side masseter and tenar muscles was evaluated with Baseline manual algometer.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University

Other

Registry information

Official study title

The Effect of Smartphone Addiction on Temporomandibular Dysfunction

Important dates

Study start
2024
Primary completion
2024
Study completion
2024
First posted
Feb 10, 2025
Registry last updated
Feb 11, 2025

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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