Sensory Modulation Dysfunction and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

A 17 item self-report questionnaire assessing daily pain sensitivity, aimed to quantify everyday somatosensory pain sensitivity to imagined painful daily life situations. Participants rate the intensity of imagined pain on a 10-point scale: 'not painful at all' (0) to 'the worst pain imaginable' (10). The Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire provides a total score (range 17-170) and two sub-scores.

Diaries will be utilized for reporting spontaneously occurring memories of the film, consisting of 6 items of which 1 is an open question. This will be filled once a day for 6 days starting the next day after the trauma film paradigm was undertaken. Thereafter, it will be filled in again in T3 and T4

Using commercially available cortisol electrochemiluminescent immunoassays (ECLIA) kits (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) on a cobas e801 module (Roche Diagnostics GmbH)

Recorded via the Mindware BioNex 8-slot chassis acquisition system (Mindware Technologies Ltd, Gahanna,OH, USA

Recorded via the Mindware BioNex 8-slot chassis acquisition system (Mindware Technologies Ltd, Gahanna,OH, USA

The executive function will be measured using 2 performance-based tests, both testing the same outcomes, to avoid the learning effect which may occur when using one in short intervals: (i) Trail making test (TMT) (at pre-experimental manipulation) and (ii). Color trail test (CTT) (at post-experimental manipulation), alternating between subjects. Both tests are widely used to assess executive function and specifically target visual scanning, processing speed, and capacity to maintain focus attention/mental flexibility, providing 2 scores: speed of completion and error rate.

Thermal and pain thresholds using the Thermal Sensory Analyzer (TSA) (Medoc, Israel). The tests will include cold detection threshold (CDT), warm detection threshold (WDT), cold pain threshold CPT) and warm pain threshold (CPT). The TSA thermod's active area is 32 cm and temperature range is 0°C to a safety limit of 50°C. Each test will be performed three times in the dorsal aspects of the dominant hand. Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) will be tested utilizing heat test stimuli individually tailored rated as 50/100, delivered via the TSA thermod to the volar aspect of the dominant hand, conditioned by the contralateral hand immersed in painfully cold water (7C).

Utilizing the FaceReader hardware (incl.: Webcam, LED ring) and the FaceReader software Base module, during the trauma film paradigm manipulation, all participants will be videotaped using the webcam on their computer screen. The videotapes will be analyzed offline using the FaceReader software Base module to classify emotional reactions

A self-report 2 part questionnaire, assessing both anxiety state and anxiety trait, comprising 20 items each. All items are rated on a 4-point scale (e.g., from "Almost Never" to "Almost Always"). Higher scores indicate greater anxiety. In this study, only the Anxiety state part will be utilized

A 21-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess psychological and somatoform dissociative features. Ratings are made on a 10-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 9 (very much).

Three questions self-report aiming at rating participant experience due to the movie scene: 2 with a response scale of 1 ("not distressed") to 10 ("extremely distressed"), and one with a response scale of 1 ( very pleasant) to 5 (very unpleasant), constructed for the purpose of this current study

Self-report questionnaire for testing Trauma-related symptomatology. The IES-R comprises 22 items that measure symptoms of intrusion (dreams about the event), avoidance and numbing (the effort to avoid reminders of the event), and hyperarousal (feeling watchful and on guard) with respect to a potentially traumatic event. Participants are asked to rate on a 5-point Likert scale the extent to which each item applies to their experiences. The total score on the IES-R ranges between 0 and 88.

Recorded via the Mindware BioNex 8-slot chassis acquisition system (Mindware Technologies Ltd, Gahanna,OH, USA

A 58-item questionnaire aimed at clinically classifying sensory modulation dysfunction in adults. Items represent typical daily life situations involving auditory, visual, gustatory, olfactory, vestibular and somatosensory sensations, excluding pain. Items are phrased either in a hedonic or aversive valence and are graded on a 5-point Likert scale: 'not at all' (1) to 'very much' (5). Two cut-off scores are provided. Will be used for group allocation: Individuals with vs. without sensory modulation dysfunction. As mentioned in study design trauma film paradigm randomization will be applied within each of these groups separately.

A 28-item self-report questionnaire that measures the frequency of dissociative experiences. The total dissociative score was computed as the mean of these 28 items, ranging from 0 to 100.

A 16-question instrument assessing visual imagery. Participants are asked to imagine a number of specified items determined by the test protocol and to rate their subjective impression of vividness on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (perfectly clear and as vivid as normal vision) to 5 (no image at all, you only " know" that you are thinking of the object).

It is a 17-item self-report measure assessing lifetime potentially traumatic event types. Participants rate each item with six response options: happened to me, witnessed it, learned about it, part of my job, not sure, or doesn't apply.

A self-report scale assessing posttraumatic growth consisting of 21 statements. Participants are asked to rate the extent to which the indicated change occurred in their lives as a result of their stressful/traumatic life experiences" Each item was scored on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 (I didn't experience this change at all) to 4 (I experienced this change to a very great).

In this 20-item self-report measure, assessing subclinical PTSD symptoms, participants are asked to indicate the extent to which they experienced each PTSD symptom, on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). Items corresponded to the newly approved PTSD symptom criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In this study will be used for screening

A 16-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess individuals' typical levels of emotion dysregulation. Participants are asked to rate the extent to which each item applies to them on a 5-point Likert-type scale from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always).