Self-Stigma of Mental and Physical Health

Questionnaire is based on the Stereotype Content Model (Fiske et al., 2002) and BIAS-Map (Cuddy et al., 2007) and includes three components: stereotype (warmth, competence [lower scores indicate higher self-stigma]), prejudice (emotions, e.g. contempt, pity, anger, shame [higher scores indicate higher self-stigma]), discrimination (active/passive self-harm [higher scores indicate higher self-stigma]). Each item is rated on a 7-point Likert scale.

Item selection via qualitative and statistical methods, e.g. item difficulty index, item discrimination index, exploratory factor analysis (EFA).

Validation process includes confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the statistical model fit with goodness of fit indices. Convergent validity is tested with another measurement for self-stigma (ISMI) using Pearson correlations [higher correlations indicate better convergent validity]. Discriminant validity is tested with Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and public stigma [lower correlations indicate better discriminant validity], criterion validity with actual help seeking behavior and health related quality of life (12-Item Short-Form Health Survey, SF-12) using Pearson correlations as well [higher correlations indicate better criterion validity].

Internal consistency is tested with Cronbach's Alpha (0-1; higher scores indicate better internal consistency)

Test-Retest Reliability (Pearson Correlation, 0-1; higher scores indicate better reliability)

Questionaire (e.g. Yu et al., 2015) to describe the intention to seek help because of severe psychological or mental health problems as well as physical health problems (e.g. "If you had severe mental health problems, would you seek help from professional sources for them?", scores from 1 [definitely yes] to 4 [definitely no]; lower scores indicate higher intentions to seek help). Reasons for not seeking help because of psychological health problems (e.g. "I want to solve problems by myself.") are assessed by binary items (yes, no).

8 Items to assess actual help seeking behavior. It is asked if participants have ever sought services from any professional and if they have been in therapy or received medical treatment because of psychological or physical health problems. As well as if they are using any of these services currently. Items are binary (yes, no).

Self-report measure of health related quality of life; norm-based scores (M=50, SD=10) for Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS), higher score indicates better health state

Self-report inventory used to screen for mental health disorders (depression, anxiety, alcohol, eating, somatoform disorders), including severity scores for depressive symptoms (0-29), anxiety symptoms (0-21) and somatic symptoms (0-30), where higher scores indicate more serve symptoms

Self-report measure of depressed mood; higher total scores indicate more servere symptoms; total score (0-63); cut-offs for interpretation 0-13 (minimal depression), 14-19 (mild depression), 20-28 (moderate depression), 29-63 (severe depression)

Measuring public stigma including stereotype (cognition - warmth, competence), prejudice (emotions - pity, envy, contempt, admiration) and discrimination (behavior - active/passive harm) with 19 items based on Stereotype Content Model (Fiske et al., 2002) and BIAS Map (Cuddy et al., 2007) toward people with mental or physical health problems.

(e.g. "How often do you think people in general tend to feel the following emotions toward people with a mental disorder? [pity, contempt, envy, admiration]")

Expectation to be stigmatized because of one's own mental and physical health condition.

(e.g. "Do you expect that other people think badly of you because of your health condition?")