SCRT Based iTNT vs. LCRT Based TNT for MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Inclusion criteria

• Age 18-75 years old, female and male;
• Pathological confirmed adenocarcinoma;
• The distance from anal verge ≤ 10 cm;
• MSI/MMR status: MSS/pMMR;
• Clinical stage T3-4 and/or N+, without distance metastases;
• At least one of the following factors is present: distance from the anus ≤5 cm, cT4, cN2, positive cMRF, positive cEMVI, positive tumor deposit or positive lateral lymph node;
• KPS ≥ 70;
• No radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or any other anti-tumor therapy had been administered prior to enrollment;
• Baseline blood and biochemical indicators meet the following criteria: neutrophils ≥ 1.5 × 10^9/L, Hb ≥ 90 g/L, PLT ≥ 100 × 10^9/L, ALT/ AST ≤ 2.5 ULN, Cr ≤ 1 ULN;
• With good compliance and signed the consent form.

Exclusion criteria

• Pregnancy or breast-feeding women;
• Known history of other malignancies within 5 years;
• Known history of severe neurological or mental illness (such as schizophrenia, dementia or epilepsy);
• Current severe cardiac disease (cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmia), renal dysfunction and liver dysfunction;
• Acute cardiac infarction or cerebral ischemic stroke occurred within 6 months before recruitment;
• Uncontrolled infection which needs systemic therapy;
• Active autoimmune disease or immunodeficiencies, known history of organ transplantation or systematic use of immunosuppressive agents;
• Known history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (i.e., HIV 1 to 2 antibody positive), active syphilis infection, active pulmonary tuberculosis infection;
• Allergic to any component of the therapy.