Safety of Combined Intravenous Antibiotic and Bacteriophage Therapy in Adults With Cystic Fibrosis and Antibiotic-Resistant Lung Infections

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease characterized by chronic and recurrent pulmonary infections, often caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. These infections contribute significantly to lung function decline, reduced quality of life, and early mortality. Given the rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and limited efficacy of conventional antibiotic therapies, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy-using viruses that infect and lyse specific bacteria-has emerged as a promising, targeted approach for managing drug-resistant bacterial infections.

This is a Phase 1, open-label, multi-center pilot study designed to assess the safety, tolerability, and preliminary biological activity of intravenous (IV) bacteriophage therapy administered in combination with standard IV antibiotics in adults with CF experiencing a pulmonary exacerbation caused by antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens. Participants must have a confirmed diagnosis of CF and recent culture-proven infection with one of six target bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or Achromobacter xylosoxidans.

The study will enroll up to 30 participants across three U.S. clinical sites. Eligible subjects will receive a 7-day course of IV antibiotics prescribed by their clinical team, along with a pathogen-specific four-phage cocktail administered twice daily through a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). The phage cocktails are prepared under GMP conditions and have demonstrated lytic activity against clinical isolates of each target pathogen.

The primary endpoint is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the combined phage-antibiotic therapy by monitoring adverse events (AEs), serious adverse events (SAEs), and events of special interest (ESIs). Secondary endpoints include changes in bacterial load in sputum (colony counts and qPCR), changes in lung function (spirometry and oscillometry), and patient-reported quality of life measures. An exploratory endpoint includes characterizing the pharmacokinetic profile of IV phage therapy in serum and sputum.

Initial doses of phage will be administered under direct clinical observation to monitor for immediate reactions. If well-tolerated, subsequent doses may be self-administered at home. Follow-up assessments will be conducted up to 28 days post-treatment, with additional safety monitoring extending up to 217 days. The trial is not designed to support regulatory approval but to generate essential safety and feasibility data to guide future efficacy trials in this high-need patient population.

Inclusion criteria

• Age ≥ 18 years.
• Confirmed diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
• Sputum culture within 24 months and at screening showing at least one of the following: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or Achromobacter xylosoxidans.
• Percent predicted FEV₁ ≥ 40% (GLI).
• If ppFEV₁ > 40%, must have ≥ 1 pulmonary exacerbation per year requiring IV antibiotics or radiographic evidence of severe disease.
• Prior successful home IV antibiotic therapy within 5 years (may be waived by investigator).
• Available phage cocktail with lytic activity against the participant's pathogen.

Oxygen saturation > 88% on room air after rest. Able to provide written informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

• Untreated or uncontrolled mycobacterial or fungal airway infection.
• History of Clostridioides difficile without a negative test within 3 months. Concerning exotoxin, virulence, or resistance genes in the bacterial isolate (per investigator).
• Mixed-species bacterial infection at screening.
• Participation in another interventional trial within 30 days.
• Allergy or hypersensitivity to study materials.
• Pregnancy, planned pregnancy, or breastfeeding.
• Any condition or abnormality that, in the investigator's judgment, makes participation unsafe or may interfere with study assessments.