Resilience to the Effects of Advertising in Children

Whole-brain response to food commercials, followed by images of high and low energy density foods in a fMRI scan

Whole-brain response to toy commercials, followed by images of high and low energy density foods in a fMRI scan

Intake in grams from an eating in the absence of hunger paradigm consumed following advertisement exposure when children are not hungry (i.e., non-homeostatic intake)

Intake in kcals from an eating in the absence of hunger paradigm consumed following advertisement exposure when children are not hungry (i.e., non-homeostatic intake)

Intake in grams from an eating in the absence of hunger paradigm consumed following advertisement exposure when children are not hungry (i.e., non-homeostatic intake)

Intake in kcals from an eating in the absence of hunger paradigm consumed following advertisement exposure when children are not hungry (i.e., non-homeostatic intake)

Intake in grams from an eating in the absence of hunger paradigm consumed following advertisement exposure when children are not hungry (i.e., non-homeostatic intake)

Intake in kcals from an eating in the absence of hunger paradigm consumed following advertisement exposure when children are not hungry (i.e., non-homeostatic intake)

Intake in grams from an eating in the absence of hunger paradigm consumed following advertisement exposure when children are not hungry (i.e., non-homeostatic intake)

Intake in kcals from an eating in the absence of hunger paradigm consumed following advertisement exposure when children are not hungry (i.e., non-homeostatic intake)

A digital recording of the Child eating the Test Meal and the EAH snack buffet will be saved. We have developed a behavior coding technique to count specific behaviors while the child eats. We will also be transcribing the audio.

A digital recording of the Child eating the Test Meal and the EAH snack buffet will be saved. We have developed a behavior coding technique to count specific behaviors while the child eats. We will also be transcribing the audio.

Examine change in children's fat mass index = total fat mass(kg) / height (m2)

We will examine the strength of the neural connections between reward/somatosensory and cognitive control regions.

We will examine the strength of the neural connections between reward/somatosensory and cognitive control regions.

Android fat mass (%) = (Android fat mass (kg) / total fat mass (kg))*100

Gynoid fat mass (%) = (Gynoid fat mass (kg) / total fat mass (kg))*100

Child questionnaire quantifying the number of hours per day a child is exposed to different types of media.

Child's brand awareness assessed by a child computerized task. Children are asked to match pictures of products and brand logos. No scaling is used.

The Flanker is a measure of executive function, specifically tapping inhibitory control and attention. Scoring is based on a combination of accuracy and reaction time. A 2-vector scoring method is employed that uses accuracy and reaction time, where each of these "vectors" ranges in value between 0 and 5, and the computed score, combining each vector score, ranges in value from 0-10. For any given individual, accuracy is considered first. If accuracy levels for the participant are less than or equal to 80%, the final "total" computed score is equal to the accuracy score. If accuracy levels for the participant reach more than 80%, the reaction time score and accuracy score are combined. Higher scores indicate higher levels of ability to attend to relevant stimuli and inhibit attention from irrelevant stimuli.

The List Sorting Working memory test assesses working memory. The List Sorting test requires immediate recall and sequencing of different visually and orally presented stimuli (i.e., "working memory"). Pictures of different foods and animals are displayed with accompanying audio recording and written text (e.g., "elephant"), and the participant is asked to say the items back in size order from smallest to largest, first within a single dimension (either animals or foods, called 1-List) and then on two dimensions (foods, then animals, called 2-List). The test takes approximately seven minutes to administer. List Sorting is scored by summing the total number of items correctly recalled and sequenced on 1-List and 2-List, which can range from 0-26.Higher scores on each of these indicate higher levels of working memory within the normative standard being applied.

The Dimensional Change Card Sort Test is used to measure cognitive flexibility. Two target pictures are presented that vary along two dimensions (e.g., shape and color). Scoring is based on a combination of accuracy and reaction time. A 2-vector scoring method is employed that uses accuracy and reaction time, scores ranging from 0-10. For any given individual, accuracy is considered first. If accuracy levels for the participant are less than or equal to 80%, the final "total" computed score is equal to the accuracy score. If accuracy levels for the participant reach more than 80%, the reaction time score and accuracy score are combined. Higher scores indicate higher levels of cognitive flexibility.

Height (cm) will be measured. Body mass index (BMI) and BMI z scores will be calculated.

Weight (kg) will be measured. Body mass index (BMI) and BMI z scores will be calculated.

Height (cm) will be measured. Body mass index (BMI) and BMI z scores will be calculated.

Weight (kg) will be measured. Body mass index (BMI) and BMI z scores will be calculated.

Ratings of how much a child likes a food is measured on a computerized visual scale. The scale is from 1 (Hate It) to 5 (Love It).

Ratings of how much a child likes a food is measured on a computerized visual scale. The scale is from 1 (Hate It) to 5 (Love It).

The child will be given an IQ test (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence) to determine cognitive ability measures. It is a battery of two subtests: Vocabulary (31-item) and Matrix Reasoning (30-item). Each of the 2 subtests is scored by taking a sum of all items and referencing and age- and sex-normed tables to get standardized scores; these standardized scores are then added to get the 3 subscale scores, their associated IQ scores percentiles; Higher scores indicate a higher IQ.

The child will be given an IQ test (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence) to determine cognitive ability measures. The WASI is a battery of two subtests: Vocabulary (31-item) and Matrix Reasoning (30-item). Each of the 2 subtests is scored by taking a sum of all items and referencing and age- and sex-normed tables to get standardized scores; these standardized scores are then added to get the 3 subscale scores, their associated IQ scores percentiles; Higher scores indicate a higher IQ.

Child fullness will be measured using a pictorial fullness scale termed a Freddy Fullness scale. Prior to the visit, children will be instructed to fast for at least 3hrs. They are then instructed on use of the scale by trained research personnel. Following this, children will be asked to report current fullness on the scale, which measures a fullness range of 0 to 150 mm. They will be asked to make a total of 2 ratings using this scale, one immediately before each meal, and one following the meal.

Child fullness will be measured using a pictorial fullness scale termed a Freddy Fullness scale. Prior to the visit, children will be instructed to fast for at least 3hrs. They are then instructed on use of the scale by trained research personnel. Following this, children will be asked to report current fullness on the scale, which measures a fullness range of 0 to 150 mm. They will be asked to make a total of 2 ratings using this scale, one immediately before each meal, and one following the meal.

An ActiGraph watch will be given to the parent with instruction. The child will be wearing the wrist watch for one week in the baseline time period (other than when showering, bathing or in a pool) and will hand it back at their next visit.

An ActiGraph watch will be given to the parent with instruction. The child will be wearing the wrist watch for one week in the baseline time period (other than when showering, bathing or in a pool).

The stop signal task (SST) is used to capture individual differences in response inhibition. There is no max/min range for performance. For both the Stop-signal reaction time and the stop-signal delay: lower values indicate better control. This is administered in the fMRI scanner.

Parent reported questionnaires of television and internet use and exposure to shows and commercials

Parent reported questionnaires of television and internet use and exposure to shows and commercials

Parental questionnaire:Child Puberty and Tanner Questionnaire. Scoring: Male genitals are scored on a scale of 1 to 5 maturity, female breasts on a scale of 1 to 5 and both males and females on a scale of 1 to 5 for pubic hair quality and extension. Higher values indicate more pubertal development.

Parental questionnaire:Child Puberty and Tanner Questionnaire. Scoring: Male genitals are scored on a scale of 1 to 5 maturity, female breasts on a scale of 1 to 5 and both males and females on a scale of 1 to 5 for pubic hair quality and extension. Higher values indicate more pubertal development.

Parental questionnaire: Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). Scored on a scale of 1-5 with lower values being better (score is the average of items for each subscale).

Parental questionnaire: The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) was designed to assess children's eating scale styles. It is a parent-report measure comprised of 35 items, each rated on a five-point likert scale that ranges from never to always. It is made up of eight scales: Food responsiveness, Emotional over-eating, Enjoyment of food, Desire to drink, Satiety responsiveness, Slowness in eating, Emotional under-eating, and Food fussiness.

Parent Questionnaire: Parental questionnaire: The Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) was designed to assess children's eating scale styles. It is a parent-report measure comprised of 35 items, each rated on a five-point likert scale that ranges from never to always. It is made up of eight scales: Food responsiveness, Emotional over-eating, Enjoyment of food, Desire to drink, Satiety responsiveness, Slowness in eating, Emotional under-eating, and Food fussiness.

Behavioral Avoidance/Inhibition Scale Questionnaire. The BIS/BAS Scale is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure two motivational systems: the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), which corresponds to motivation to avoid aversive outcomes, and the behavioral activation system (BAS), which corresponds to motivation to approach goal-oriented outcomes. Participants respond to questions using a 4-point Likert scale. The scale has four subscales; BAS Drive, BAS Fun Seeking, BAS Reward Responsiveness and BIS. Higher values suggest more drive, increased fun seeking, responsiveness to reward, and avoidance of unpleasantness.

Parental questionnaire: The Child Behavior questionnaire (CBQ) is an assessment of temperament.Children are assessed on 15 primary temperament characteristics using a 7 point Likert scale.

Parental questionnaire: The Child Behavior questionnaire (CBQ) is an assessment of temperament.Children are assessed on 15 primary temperament characteristics using a 7 point Likert scale.

Parental questionnaire; Children's Leisure Activities Study Scale (CLASS). This questionnaire asks how much time the child spends in numerous types of physical activity. It is a count of time spent, not a scale.

Parental questionnaire; Children's Leisure Activities Study Scale (CLASS). This questionnaire asks how much time the child spends in numerous types of physical activity. It is a count of time spent, not a scale.

Parental questionnaire: Child sleep questionnaire contains 8 questions describing a child's sleep habits. The answers are on a 3 point scale with an opportunity to note if the answer indicates a problem.

Parental questionnaire: Child sleep questionnaire contains 8 questions describing a child's sleep habits. The answers are on a 3 point scale with an opportunity to note if the answer indicates a problem.

Parental questionnaire: External Food Cue Responsiveness Scale Questionnaire. Nine questions are asked related to external food cues, answered in a 1 (never) -5 (always) scale. Higher scores indicate an increased responsiveness to external food cues.

Parent questionnaire:Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a 10-item screening tool developed to assess alcohol consumption, drinking behaviors, and alcohol-related problems. A score of 0 (nondrinker) to 40 is possible. A score of 8 or more indicates a strong likelihood of hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption.

Parent questionnaire: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a 10-item screening tool developed to assess alcohol consumption, drinking behaviors, and alcohol-related problems. A score of 0 (nondrinker) to 40 is possible. A score of 8 or more indicates a strong likelihood of hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption.

Parent questionnaire: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-2) assesses executive function and self-regulation. Questions are answered on a 3-point scale (never, sometimes, often). This rating is scored by taking a sum of all items and referencing and age- and sex-normalized tables to get T-scores and percentiles; Higher T-scores indicate less Executive Function.

Parent questionnaire: Household Food Security Survey Module (HFFSM). Households are classified into food security status categories (1) food secure (fewer than 3 food-insecure responses); (2) low food security (more than 2 but fewer than 8 food-insecure responses among households with children); and (3) very low food security (8 or more food-insecure responses among the 18 questions for households with children) based on the number of food-insecure responses to questions. The scales differ on each question, but higher overall scores correspond with greater food insecurity. Families are said to be food insecure if they fall in categories 2 or 3.

Parent questionnaire: Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). The HFIAS consists of two types of related questions. The first question type is called an occurrence question. There are nine occurrence questions that ask whether a specific condition associated with the experience of food insecurity ever occurred during the previous four weeks (30 days). Each severity question is followed by a frequency-of-occurrence question, which asks how often a reported condition occurred during the previous four weeks (1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = often). Scoring ranges from 0-27, with higher scores indicating more food insecurity.

Parent questionnaire: Community Childhood Hunger ID Project (CCHIP) is regarded as a model for measuring hunger in low-income families. A series of 8 questions are asked about child hunger in light of available resources, with yes or no as possible answers. Children are classified into one of 3 categories. A child is "not hungry" with a score of 0 affirmatives, "at risk" with 1-4 and "hungry" with 5 or more.

Parental questionnaire assessing the types of food kept in the home food inventory

Parent questionnaire: information describing the cultural, social and financial characteristics of the family.

Parent questionnaire: information describing the cultural, social and financial characteristics of the family.

The Behavioral Choice Task (Relative Reinforcing Value Task) is a computer task developed for use of reinforcement paradigms in humans. It has the ability to measure reinforcing value of food and toys through the use of flexible reinforcement schedules.

Modified version of a decision-making task developed by Kool et al. (2017), which examine model-based decision making via the manipulation of high and low stake rewards.

Child questionnaire: alternative design to the Big Five Model, used to measure personality traits using images. There are 15 items (3 items from each scale: extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness), which are answered on a 3-point scale.

Child questionnaire: 21 item questionnaire developed to assess stress (physical and emotional) in children. The questions are answered using a 4-point Likert scale (1=never, 4 = very often).

Child questionnaire: the questionnaire assesses whether someone experienced a subjective episode of loss of control eating in the past three months. If answered "Yes", participants are instructed to respond to additional questions on before, during and after the loss of control eating occurred. No scaling is used.

Parent questionnaire: The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is used to understand how different situations affect our perceived stress. The questions ask about feelings and thoughts over the past 3 months. Questions are answered using 5 points (0 = never, 4 = very often) Likert scale. 4 questions are reversed scored (0 = 4, 4 = 0). Scores from 0-13 indicate low stress, 14-26 indicate moderate stress, 27-40 indicate high stress.

Parent questionnaire: Confusion, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS) is a 15 question survey describing the home environment. Questions are answered using 4 points (1 = Very much like your own home, 4 = Non at all like your own home). Final scores are summed across the 15 items.

Parent questionnaire: The Lifestyle Behavior Checklist is a 25 item, two-scale questionnaire. It is used to identify parental perception of problematic behaviors in the context of overweight and obesity (Problem Scale). The questionnaire also assesses the ability of the parent to deal with problematic behaviors (Confidence Scale). Each question on the Problem Scale is scored from 1 (not at all) to 7 (very much). Each question on the Confidence Scale is scored from 1 (Certain I can't do it) to 10 (Certain I can do i).

Parent questionnaire: The Binge Eating Scale (BES) is a 16-item questionnaire used to identify certain binge eating behaviors. < 17 indicates non-binging, 18-26 indicates moderate binging, and >27 indicates severe binging.

Parent questionnaire: The Family Food Behavior Survey (FFBS) is a 20-item questionnaire that examines the degree to which adult monitor and make decisions about their child's eating behavior. Each of the 20 questions is scored using a 5 point Likert scale (0 = never true, 4 = always true). Their are four scales, (1). Maternal control of child feeding, (2). Maternal presence, (3). Child choice, (4). Organization. Higher scores on any scale indicate greater involvement by child or mother.

Parent questionnare: The Sensitivity to Punishment and Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) consists of 48 questions. Parents respond with "Yes" or "No" and it is scored on two scales. One scale is for sensitivity to punishment, and one scale is for sensitivity to reward. The items are summed to make a final score for each subscale.

Parent questionnaire: 24 item questionnaire assessing weight loss strategies over the last two years. Items are measured on a 5-point scale from 1 = Never, 5 = Always. There are 11 items relating to healthy weight loss factors and 9 items related to unhealthy weight loss factors.

Parent Questionnaire: The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - Revised 18 items - is an 18-item questionnaire assessing feelings and experiences towards eating behaviors. It is scored on three sub-scales: uncontrolled eating, cognitive restraint and emotional eating. Any items answered 1-2 are scored 1; 3-4 are scored as 2; 5-6 scored as 3, and 7-8 are scored as 4.

Parent Questionnaire: The Parental Strategies to Teach about Advertising is a questionnaire assessing parental attitudes, beliefs and behaviors towards media and advertising use. There is no scaling used.

Parent Questionnaire: The Structure and Control in Parent Feeding (SCPF) questionnaire assesses positive aspects of parental feeding practices. The Structure Model consists of 22 questions and the Control Model consists of 12 questions. The items are answered using a 5 points scale 0 = Never, 4 = Always.

Parent Questionnaire: The Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire is a 49-item, 12 factor survey. The factors include Monitoring, Emotional Regulation, Food as Reward. Child Control, Modeling, Restriction for Weight, Restriction for Health, Teaching Nutrition, Encourage Balance, Pressure to Eat, Healthy Environment and Involvement.

Parent Questionnaire: The Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire is a 49-item, 12 factor survey. The factors include Monitoring, Emotional Regulation, Food as Reward. Child Control, Modeling, Restriction for Weight, Restriction for Health, Teaching Nutrition, Encourage Balance, Pressure to Eat, Healthy Environment and Involvement.