Relationship Analysis Between Periodontal Disease and Atherosclerosis in Japanese Medical Cooperation Services

Inclusion criteria

• Periodontal disease: inflamed gingiva with positive for bleeding on probing or teeth with probing pocket depth more than 4 mm Lifestyle-related disease: Plaques are included when maximum IMT is measured. Furthermore, hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of more than 140 mm Hg or diastolic pressure of more than 90 mm Hg, or both, or patients already being treated by anti-hypertensive agents. Hypercholesterolemia was defined by serum concentration of LDL-C of more than 140 mg/dL, or patients already being treated by lipid-lowering agents. Diabetes mellitus was defined by HbA1c of more than 6.9 % (NGSP value) or fasting blood sugar of more than 126 mg/dl or both, or patients already being treated by agents for diabetes.

Exclusion criteria

• At initial consultation and examination (Baseline), patients with less than 6 months after the onset of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and with a past history or complication of serious heart disease were excluded. Similarly, those with less than 6 months after cardiovascular revascularization surgery, less than 6 months after the onset of cerebrovascular disorder, or serious liver disease or renal disease were also excluded.