Randomized Controlled Trial of Mailed Nicotine Replacement Therapy to Canadian Smokers

Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable death. Considerable public health efforts are ongoing Canada-wide to reduce the prevalence of smoking in the general population. From 1985 to 2005, smoking rates among adults reduced from 35% to 19%. However, since that time, this steady rate of decline plateaued at around 18-19%. What else can be done to continue to significantly reduce the number of smokers at the population level? One option is to translate interventions that have demonstrated clinical efficacy into population level initiatives. Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) has a considerable research base demonstrating its efficacy. Public health initiatives are underway to distribute NRT widely through mass distribution efforts. For example, over 58,000 NRT treatments have been distributed in the province of Ontario alone, and other provinces in Canada are considering adopting mass distribution procedures. However, one important question remains unanswered - do smoking cessation programs that involve mass distribution of free NRT work? Preliminary evidence consisting of before-after smoking status data from participants of mass NRT campaigns yielded promising results. However, such data cannot be used to make causal statements about the impact of NRT distribution. To answer this question, a randomized controlled trial is required.

A single blinded, panel survey design with random assignment to an experimental and a control condition will be used in this study. A two-stage recruitment process will be employed, in the context of a general population survey with two follow-ups (8 weeks and 6 months). Random digit dialing of Canadian home telephone numbers will identify households with adult smokers who are willing to take part in a smoking study that involves three interviews, with saliva collection for 3-HC/cotinine ratio measurement at baseline and saliva cotinine verification at 8-week and 6-month follow-ups.

As part of the baseline survey, eligible subjects will be identified for the second recruitment - randomization of smokers into experimental and control conditions to receive versus not receive nicotine patches. Eligibility will be determined by a series of questions regarding hypothetical interest in nicotine patches to quit smoking (including willingness to have nicotine patches sent to their home) and having no contraindications for using NRT. A randomized half of the eligible subjects will be assigned to the experimental condition and asked for their permission to have nicotine patches sent to their home. Subjects will be followed-up at 8 weeks and 6 months. Subjects in the control condition will not be offered nicotine patches. Interviewers will be blind to subjects' condition because they will be using computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) technology and as the first parts of the 8-week and 6-month follow-ups are identical for experimental and control conditions, they will not know the intervention condition to which a subject belongs until questions specific to the use of NRT are asked near the end of the surveys (i.e., after the primary outcome measures are assessed).

The primary hypothesis is that subjects who receive nicotine patches at baseline will display significantly higher quit rates (as assessed by 30 day point prevalence of abstinence from tobacco) at 6-month follow-up as compared to subjects who do not receive nicotine patches at baseline.

Inclusion criteria

• 18 years of age and older
• Current daily smokers who smoke 10 or more cigarettes per day
• Interested in being involved in a smoking study
• Willing to be interviewed at baseline, 8 weeks and 6 months after
• Willing to provide a saliva sample for cotinine analysis at each time point
• Interest in using nicotine patch to quit smoking
• Intent to use nicotine patch within one week of receiving it
• Willing to have nicotine patch sent to their home

Exclusion criteria

• Have a medical condition that would would make participation medically hazardous as determined by the list of contraindications for NRT outlined in the CPS and the NRT package insert
• Pregnant, intending on becoming pregnant, or nursing